Indonesia

Strong interlinkages exist with employment, inequality, and access to basic services, making it foundational for overall SDG achievement.

Social protection and welfare programmes are key instruments for economic recovery and resilience post-COVID-19.

Limited access to services and social protection in remote and disadvantaged areas.

Persistent inequality and vulnerability among informal workers and marginalised groups.

Financing constraints and gaps in resource allocation for poverty programmes.

Solution

Strengthening data integration systems to improve targeting of beneficiaries.

Introduction of community empowerment initiatives such as the Affirmative Action Card.

Development of inclusive and adaptive welfare systems, including support for vulnerable groups.

Limited sustainability of financing for long-term poverty reduction.

Continued inequality in income distribution and access to opportunities.

Food system vulnerabilities and price fluctuations.

Need for sustainable agricultural productivity and resilience.

Solution

Food insecurity (FIES): reduced from 4.50% (2023) to 4.02% (2024).

Agricultural productivity: reached IDR 68.5 million per worker (2024).

Wasting in toddlers: declined to 7.4% (2024) (from 8.5% in 2023).

Stunting prevalence: reduced to 19.8% (2024).

Anaemia in pregnant women: decreased from 48.9% (2018) to 27.8% (2023).

Food price anomaly index: dropped from 4.03 (2023) to 0.96 (2024).

Ongoing vulnerability of food systems to external shocks.

Need for further improvements in nutrition outcomes and equitable food access.

A strong health system underpins economic productivity, resilience, and social welfare.

Limited access to health facilities in remote and underserved regions.

Low compliance in national health insurance contributions affecting sustainability.

Shortage of human resources and weak systems (e.g., Maternal and Perinatal Death Surveillance and Response (MPDSR) audit performance).

Solution

Target remains 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030.

Antenatal care (first visit): 86.7%.

Fourth antenatal visit: 68.1%.

Skilled birth attendance: 96.81%.

Health facility deliveries: 92.42%.

Postnatal care (first visit): 83.9%.

Access to caesarean/emergency services: 25.9%.

Implementation of six health system pillars, including workforce, financing, and digital health systems.

Regional disparities in access to healthcare services.

Sustainability concerns of national health insurance system.

Data limitations and uneven statistical capacity across regions.

Indonesia prioritises equitable access to inclusive and quality education at all levels.

Learning loss and disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Variations in education quality and teacher competency.

Limited access to digital infrastructure affecting remote learning.

Gaps in early childhood education and lifelong learning opportunities.

Solution

Junior Secondary Net Enrolment Rate: approximately 80%+ (2024).

Senior Secondary participation: continues to improve, though disparities remain.

Expansion of the Smart Indonesia Programme (PIP) to support students from low-income families.

Increased implementation of digital learning platforms and hybrid education systems.

Strengthening teacher training and competency development programmes.

Promotion of Early Childhood Education (ECE) to improve foundational learning outcomes.

Learning outcome gaps despite high enrolment rates.

Limited digital readiness in rural and remote areas.

Need for stronger alignment between education outcomes and labour market demands.

Empowering women contributes directly to economic growth, poverty reduction, and social well-being.

Indonesia integrates gender mainstreaming into national development policies.

Persistent gender-based violence and harmful social norms.

Unequal access to economic opportunities and financial resources.

Limited representation of women in decision-making roles.

Solution

Female labour force participation rate: approximately 54% (2024).

Strengthening of gender-responsive budgeting across ministries and regions.

Expansion of programmes addressing violence against women and children.

Promotion of women’s entrepreneurship and MSME participation.

Increased access to education and health services for women and girls.

Gender-based violence remains a significant concern.

Cultural and structural barriers limiting women’s leadership roles.

Need for stronger enforcement of gender equality policies at local levels.

Inadequate sanitation infrastructure and wastewater management systems.

Water pollution and declining water quality in several regions.

Limited capacity in integrated water resource management.

Solution

Access to proper sanitation: increased to around 80%+ (2024).

Expansion of community-based water supply and sanitation programmes.

Implementation of national urban sanitation strategies.

Strengthening water resource management policies and infrastructure investments.

Promotion of hygiene awareness campaigns to improve public health outcomes.

Persistent rural–urban disparities in service delivery.

Water pollution and environmental degradation affecting sustainability.

Need for improved governance and coordination in water resource management.

Indonesia prioritises energy security while transitioning towards sustainable and clean energy systems.

Limited renewable energy infrastructure and investment gaps.

Unequal access to modern and clean energy in remote and outer island regions.

Financial and regulatory barriers slowing the energy transition.

Solution

Renewable energy shares in the energy mix: approximately 13.1% (2024).

Expansion of new and renewable energy (NRE) projects, including solar, hydro, and geothermal.

Implementation of policies to accelerate the energy transition and reduce emissions.

Promotion of energy efficiency programmes across industries and households.

Development of rural electrification initiatives to reach underserved communities

Continued reliance on coal and fossil fuels.

Infrastructure and financing gaps limiting large-scale renewable deployment.

Need for stronger policy coherence and investment incentives.

Indonesia emphasises inclusive growth, productivity, and job creation.

Skills mismatch between labour supply and industry demand.

Youth unemployment and underemployment.

Productivity gaps across sectors and regions.

Solution

Unemployment rate: declined to 5.32% (2024).

Labour force participation rate: approximately 69% (2024).

Expansion of vocational training and skills development programmes.

Promotion of MSMEs and entrepreneurship as key drivers of employment.

Strengthening of digital economy initiatives to create new job opportunities.

Policies to improve investment climate and industrial competitiveness.

Skills gaps and mismatch with evolving labour market needs.

Uneven economic growth across regions.

Need for higher productivity and innovation-driven growth.

Innovation and technology adoption are key to enhancing productivity and sustainability.

Limited investment in research and development (R&D).

Uneven access to digital infrastructure and technology.

Dependence on traditional industries with lower value addition.

Solution

Logistics Performance Index (LPI): shows gradual improvement (latest available global ranking reflects progress in logistics efficiency).

Expansion of national strategic infrastructure projects, including roads, ports, and digital connectivity.

Growth of the digital economy and innovation ecosystem.

Promotion of Industry 4.0 initiatives to enhance industrial competitiveness.

Strengthening of research, innovation, and technology policies.

Low R&D investment compared to global benchmarks.

Limited innovation capacity and technology diffusion.

Need for stronger integration between industry, research institutions, and government.

Indonesia prioritises equitable distribution of income, opportunities, and access to services.

Disparities in access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.

Uneven development between western and eastern Indonesia.

Limited inclusion of vulnerable and marginalised populations.

Solution

Strengthening of social protection programmes to support low-income groups.

Promotion of inclusive economic policies and equitable regional development.

Expansion of financial inclusion initiatives to improve access to banking and financial services.

Implementation of affirmative policies targeting disadvantaged populations.

Persistent regional disparities in development outcomes.

Limited economic mobility among vulnerable populations.

Need for stronger policy coordination to address structural inequality.

Growth of informal settlements and housing shortages.

Exposure to natural disasters (e.g., floods, earthquakes).

Environmental degradation and waste management issues in cities.

Solution

Expansion of mass public transport systems in major cities.

Development of smart city initiatives and sustainable urban planning frameworks.

Strengthening of disaster risk reduction (DRR) and urban resilience strategies.

Increased investment in urban infrastructure and basic services.

Limited integration of transport and urban planning systems.

Ongoing environmental challenges, including air pollution and waste management.

High vulnerability of cities to climate-related risks.

Indonesia aims to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation.

Unsustainable consumption patterns and resource use.

Limited awareness and adoption of circular economy practices.

Industrial pollution and environmental degradation.

Solution

Implementation of circular economy initiatives across key sectors.

Promotion of sustainable production practices in industries.

Strengthening of waste reduction and recycling programmes.

Policies encouraging resource efficiency and environmental sustainability.

Recycling rates and waste processing capacity remain insufficient.

Limited behavioural change towards sustainable consumption.

Need for stronger enforcement of environmental regulations.

Climate action is central to national development planning and sustainability efforts.

Deforestation and land degradation.

Limited climate finance and technological capacity.

High exposure to climate-related disasters.

Solution

Implementation of Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) commitments.

Expansion of climate adaptation and mitigation programmes.

Strengthening of disaster risk management systems.

Promotion of renewable energy and low-carbon development strategies.

Increased focus on forest conservation and land restoration efforts.

Continued deforestation and environmental degradation.

Limited financial and institutional capacity for large-scale climate action.

Need for stronger integration of climate policies across sectors

Sustainable management of oceans is essential for biodiversity conservation and climate regulation.

Overfishing and unsustainable fishing practices.

Degradation of coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass ecosystems.

Limited monitoring and enforcement capacity in marine areas.

Solution

Implementation of policies to reduce marine plastic debris, including national action plans.

Strengthening of sustainable fisheries management and monitoring systems.

Expansion of mangrove rehabilitation and coastal ecosystem restoration programmes.

Promotion of blue economy initiatives to balance economic use and conservation.

Overexploitation of marine resources persists in certain regions.

Limited enforcement capacity across vast maritime areas.

Need for improved data and monitoring systems for marine ecosystems.

Biodiversity loss and threats to endangered species.

Forest fires and land degradation.

Weak enforcement of environmental regulations in certain areas.

Solution

Expansion of social forestry programmes to empower local communities.

Implementation of forest and land rehabilitation initiatives.

Strengthening of protected areas and biodiversity conservation programmes.

Promotion of sustainable land management practices.

Increased focus on peatland and mangrove restoration.

Biodiversity loss remains a critical concern.

Recurring forest and land fires.

Need for stronger governance and enforcement mechanisms.

Limited access to justice for vulnerable populations.

Variations in institutional capacity across regions.

Need for improved public service delivery and accountability systems.

Solution

Strengthening of anti-corruption institutions and legal frameworks.

Expansion of e-government and digital public services.

Efforts to improve access to justice and legal aid services.

Promotion of transparent and accountable governance practices.

Institutional capacity gaps persist, particularly at local levels.

Limited trust in public institutions in some areas.

Need for stronger legal enforcement and judicial efficiency.

Indonesia emphasises multi-stakeholder partnerships, involving government, private sector, academia, civil society, and international organisations.

Strengthening partnerships is essential to mobilise finance, technology, capacity-building, and data systems

Limited coordination among stakeholders across national and subnational levels.

Uneven capacity of local governments to implement SDG programmes.

Gaps in data availability, quality, and integration for SDG monitoring.

Dependence on external funding and constraints in mobilising domestic resources.

Solution

Strengthening of innovative financing mechanisms, including blended finance and public–private partnerships (PPPs).

Expansion of SDG Indonesia One platform to mobilise funding from multiple stakeholders.

Increased engagement with international development partners and multilateral organisations.

Strengthening of data systems and statistical capacity for SDG monitoring.

Development of inclusive partnerships involving civil society, academia, and the private sector.

Promotion of South–South and triangular cooperation initiatives.

Fragmentation in partnership coordination and implementation.

Limited integration of SDGs into local development planning in some regions.

Ongoing challenges in data harmonisation and real-time monitoring.

Need for stronger accountability mechanisms in partnership frameworks.