Overview

Kazakhstan’s 2025 Voluntary National Review (VNR) presents the country’s progress, challenges and policy responses towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) under the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda. The review highlights Kazakhstan’s commitment to inclusive economic growth, social protection, climate action and institutional reform through the National Development Plan until 2029 and the Strategy for Achieving Carbon Neutrality by 2060. In 2024, GDP growth reached 4.8 percent, the unemployment rate remained at 4.7 percent, and the national poverty rate declined to 5.0 percent from 5.2 percent in 2022. Kazakhstan also expanded renewable energy generation to 6.43 percent of total electricity production in 2024, while access to safely managed drinking water reached 99.4 percent in urban areas and 97.8 percent in rural areas. The VNR reflects a whole-of-government and multi-stakeholder approach involving public institutions, civil society, academia, international organisations and the private sector in accelerating SDG implementation.

Recommendations

Strengthen regional development policies to reduce inequalities between urban and rural areas.
Increase investment in renewable energy, energy efficiency and low-carbon technologies to reduce coal dependency.
Expand climate adaptation programmes, particularly for flood prevention, drought management and water conservation.
Increase expenditure on research, innovation and technology transfer to improve industrial competitiveness and sustainable productivity.
Strengthen sustainable land management, biodiversity conservation and ecosystem restoration programmes.
Improve waste management systems, recycling infrastructure and circular economy initiatives across all regions.
Expand inclusive education, healthcare and social protection services for vulnerable populations and remote communities.
Enhance women’s participation in leadership, science, technology and economic decision-making sectors.
Strengthen institutional transparency, public participation and anti-corruption mechanisms to improve governance effectiveness.
Improve SDG financing, monitoring systems and disaggregated data collection to support evidence-based policymaking and effective implementation of the 2030 Agenda.

Conclusion

Kazakhstan’s 2025 VNR demonstrates notable progress across economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development despite continuing global and domestic challenges. Significant achievements include the expansion of social protection systems benefiting over 4.5 million people with ₸5.3 tn in pensions and benefits in 2024, growth in renewable energy infrastructure to 154 facilities with more than 3 GW capacity, and increased public expenditure on education reaching 5.9 percent of GDP. However, major challenges remain, including regional inequalities, dependence on coal and extractive industries, climate vulnerability, land degradation affecting 30 million hectares, and limited research and development expenditure at 0.16 percent of GDP in 2024. Kazakhstan emphasises the importance of stronger partnerships, innovation, climate resilience, institutional reforms and sustainable financing to accelerate progress towards the 2030 Agenda and ensure that no one is left behind.

Social Networks

SDGs Progress Tracker

Voluntary National Reports

Country Focal Point

Ms Nurgul Zhannazarova
Director of the Department of Social Policy and Development of State Bodies
Ministry of National Economy
Republic of Kazakhstan
Ms Bakytgul Khambar
Director of the Secretariat for Sustainable Development Goals
Economic Research Institute, Ministry of National Economy
Republic of Kazakhstan

Location

Ministry of National Economy, Almaty, Kazakhstan

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Region

Kazakhstan

No Poverty

Score: 3
Justification	Kazakhstan considers poverty reduction a central national priority under the National Development Plan until 2029 and the Programme for Increasing Household Incomes approved on 28 March 2023. Between 2022 and 2024, the national poverty rate declined from 5.2 percent to 5.0 percent, while the international extreme poverty rate fell from 2.7 percent in 2021 to 1.4 percent in 2024.
Challenges	Despite progress, poverty remains significantly higher in rural areas (6.9 percent) than in urban areas (3.8 percent). Regional disparities and rising child poverty in the Abai, Turkestan and Zhetysu regions continue to affect vulnerable populations. Inflation, rising prices for essential services and limited access to quality healthcare and education also deepen inequality.
Progress/ Solution	Kazakhstan introduced a new poverty assessment methodology linked to regional median income and expanded proactive social support through the Digital Family Card, which now covers more than 20 million people. In 2024, over 4.5 million individuals received pensions and benefits worth ₸5.3 tn. The government is also promoting rural entrepreneurship through micro-loans at 2.5 percent per annum for vulnerable groups and youth.
Unsolved Challenges	Persistent rural-urban inequality, limited regional opportunities, child poverty and insufficient integration of SDG financing into long-term budget planning remain major unresolved issues. The lack of detailed data for vulnerable groups also restricts effective policy targeting.

Zero Hunger

Score: 4
Justification	Kazakhstan, the ninth largest country in the world with 272.5 million hectares of land, regards food security and sustainable agriculture as strategic priorities. Domestic production supplies between 80 percent and 100 percent of demand for all 29 key food products, with 10 products fully supplied by domestic production in 2024.
Challenges	The country remains dependent on imports for poultry meat (79 percent), fish (68 percent), sausages (60 percent), cheese and cottage cheese (53 percent), and sugar (33 percent). Food prices also increased sharply, with the socially important food products price index reaching 19.4 percent in 2022. Additionally, 30 million hectares of land are affected by erosion, reducing agricultural productivity.
Progress/ Solution	To reduce import dependence, Kazakhstan plans to implement 658 agricultural projects worth ₸3.3 tn by 2027. In 2024, gross agricultural production increased by 13.7 percent to ₸8.3 tn, while preferential financing for spring field and harvesting works rose to ₸580 bn, compared with the previous level of ₸180 bn. Precision agriculture expanded to 549 farms in 2023, and labour productivity in agriculture increased from ₸1,242,300 in 2015 to ₸4,996,800 in 2024.
Unsolved Challenges	Sustainable land management remains limited, and progress towards productive and sustainable agriculture is still moderate according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Dependence on imported food products, land degradation and uneven adoption of sustainable farming technologies continue to threaten long-term food security.

Good Health

Score: 3
Justification	Kazakhstan has prioritised healthcare reform through the modernization of medical services, expansion of compulsory social health insurance and investment in rural healthcare. SDG 3 was also identified as a national priority by 35 percent of survey respondents during the preparation of the 2025 VNR.
Challenges	Premature mortality from non-communicable diseases remains above the average for the WHO European region. There are also major rural-urban inequalities in access to healthcare and an uneven distribution of medical personnel, especially in rural obstetric care. Men experience significantly higher premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (29.5 percent) than women (18.5 percent).
Progress/ Solution	Kazakhstan introduced free iron supplementation for pregnant women, reducing anaemia among women aged 15–49 years from 27.3 percent in 2022 to 23.7 percent in 2024. Measures to improve road safety and regulate electric scooters and mopeds were also introduced. The government plans to establish the National Centre for Children’s Oncology and Hematology, modernize primary healthcare facilities in rural areas and reform the compulsory social health insurance system.
Unsolved Challenges	Mental and reproductive health services remain insufficiently developed, while prevention programmes and healthcare access for vulnerable groups are still limited. Environmental risks, inefficient resource use and poor integration between social and healthcare systems continue to weaken progress toward SDG 3.

Quality Education

Score: 3
Justification	Kazakhstan recognises education as a strategic priority for sustainable development and human capital formation. In 2024, public expenditure on education reached 5.9 percent of GDP, while the literacy rate among the population aged 15–24 years remained at 99.9 percent.
Challenges	Significant disparities remain between urban and rural education quality, particularly in access to qualified teachers, digital infrastructure and modern educational resources. Around 200,000 students still study in overcrowded schools, and shortages of student accommodation continue to affect higher education access.
Progress/ Solution	Kazakhstan implemented the national project “Comfortable School”, which plans the construction of 369 schools with 740,000 student places by the end of 2025. By 2024, 257 schools providing 373,000 places had already been commissioned. Preschool coverage for children aged 2–6 years reached 93.1 percent in 2024, compared with 91.5 percent in 2022. The government also expanded technical and vocational education and increased grants for higher education.
Unsolved Challenges	Educational inequalities between regions, insufficient inclusive education services and uneven digital access continue to limit equal learning opportunities. Teacher shortages in rural areas and gaps in education quality monitoring also remain unresolved.

Gender Equality

Score: 3
Justification	Kazakhstan has integrated gender equality into national development policies through the Concept of Family and Gender Policy until 2030. Women account for 48.1 percent of the labour force and 39.1 percent of senior and middle management positions in 2024.
Challenges	Gender disparities persist in wages, political representation and unpaid care responsibilities. Violence against women remains a serious concern, while women continue to be underrepresented in science, technology and decision-making sectors.
Progress/ Solution	In April 2024, Kazakhstan criminalised domestic violence and strengthened legal protections for women and children. The share of women in Parliament increased to 19.8 percent in 2024, compared with 15.9 percent in 2021. Female entrepreneurship also expanded through state-supported programmes and preferential financing initiatives.
Unsolved Challenges	The gender pay gap, unequal distribution of unpaid domestic work and limited representation of women in senior leadership and technical fields remain unresolved. Social stereotypes and insufficient support systems for survivors of violence also continue to hinder progress.

Water & Sanitation

Score: 3
Justification	Kazakhstan prioritises water security and sanitation because of increasing climate pressures, water scarcity and regional imbalances in water availability. In 2024, access to safely managed drinking water services reached 99.4 percent in urban areas and 97.8 percent in rural areas.
Challenges	Water losses in irrigation canals remain high, while ageing infrastructure and uneven regional access continue to affect water supply efficiency. Climate change, glacier reduction and transboundary water dependence also threaten long-term water security.
Progress/ Solution	Kazakhstan adopted the new Water Code in 2024 to strengthen water conservation and integrated water resource management. By 2025, 42 reservoirs are planned for construction or reconstruction to improve water accumulation and reduce flood risks. The government also modernised rural water systems and expanded wastewater treatment infrastructure.
Unsolved Challenges	Sustainable water management remains limited due to inefficient irrigation systems, pollution risks and inadequate wastewater treatment coverage in some regions. Long-term adaptation to climate change and effective regional water cooperation also remains unresolved challenges.

Clean Energy

Score: 3
Justification	Kazakhstan views energy transition as essential for economic diversification and climate commitments. In 2024, renewable energy sources generated 6.43 percent of total electricity production, compared with 3.7 percent in 2020.
Challenges	The energy sector remains heavily dependent on coal, which still accounts for around 70 percent of electricity generation. Ageing energy infrastructure, high energy intensity and regional disparities in energy access continue to create sustainability challenges.
Progress/ Solution	Kazakhstan increased the number of renewable energy facilities to 154 in 2024, with a total installed capacity exceeding 3 GW. The country also introduced auctions for renewable energy projects and launched energy efficiency measures under the national carbon neutrality strategy targeting 2060. Investment in gasification projects and electricity grid modernisation also continued.
Unsolved Challenges	Coal dependency, slow renewable integration and insufficient investment in modern energy storage and transmission systems continue to hinder the clean energy transition. Achieving carbon neutrality targets will require stronger policy coordination and larger-scale green financing.

Decent Work

Score: 3
Justification	Kazakhstan identifies sustainable economic growth and productive employment as key national priorities under the National Development Plan until 2029. In 2024, GDP growth reached 4.8 percent, while the unemployment rate remained stable at 4.7 percent.
Challenges	Economic diversification remains limited because of dependence on extractive industries and fluctuating commodity prices. Youth unemployment, informal employment and regional labour market disparities continue to affect inclusive economic growth. Labour productivity also varies significantly across sectors.
Progress/ Solution	Kazakhstan implemented programmes to support entrepreneurship, digitalisation and employment generation. In 2024, more than 1 million people were covered by active employment measures, while the number of small and medium-sized enterprises increased to 2.2 million. The minimum wage was also raised from ₸70,000 in 2022 to ₸85,000 in 2024.
Unsolved Challenges	Dependence on the oil and mining sectors, uneven regional development and limited high-skilled employment opportunities remain unresolved. Informal employment and productivity gaps continue to constrain long-term sustainable growth.

Industry & Infrastructure

Score: 3
Justification	Kazakhstan considers industrial modernisation, innovation and infrastructure development essential for economic competitiveness and regional integration. In 2024, manufacturing accounted for 13.4 percent of GDP, while expenditure on research and development reached 0.16 percent of GDP.
Challenges	Low research investment, limited private sector innovation and technological dependence continue to slow industrial transformation. Infrastructure disparities between urban and rural regions also affect connectivity and productivity.
Progress/ Solution	Kazakhstan expanded digital infrastructure and industrial modernisation initiatives through the Digital Kazakhstan programme. By 2024, internet coverage reached 99 percent of settlements, while 5G networks were introduced in major cities. The government also launched industrial projects and logistics initiatives to strengthen regional transport corridors and manufacturing capacity.
Unsolved Challenges	Research and development financing remains low, while innovation capacity and technology transfer are still insufficient. Infrastructure quality gaps and limited integration between science and industry continue to restrict progress towards sustainable industrialisation.

Inequality

Score: 3
Justification	Kazakhstan has prioritised social inclusion and equal access to opportunities through social protection reforms and regional development policies. The ratio between the incomes of the richest 10 percent and poorest 10 percent remained relatively stable at 5.7 in 2024.
Challenges	Income disparities between urban and rural populations, unequal access to healthcare and education and regional inequalities continue to affect vulnerable groups. Inflation and rising living costs also disproportionately affect low-income households.
Progress/ Solution	The government expanded targeted social assistance and digital social protection mechanisms through the Digital Family Card system. In 2024, over 4.5 million people received state pensions and benefits amounting to ₸5.3 trillion (tn). Measures supporting persons with disabilities, large families and rural populations were also strengthened.
Unsolved Challenges	Persistent regional inequality, unequal labour market opportunities and limited inclusion of vulnerable groups in economic decision-making remain major concerns. Data gaps affecting effective targeting and monitoring also continue to limit policy efficiency.

Sustainable Cities

Score: 3
Justification	Kazakhstan recognises sustainable urban development as essential because more than 62 percent of the population lived in urban areas in 2024. Rapid urbanisation has increased pressure on housing, transport systems and public services.
Challenges	Urban infrastructure disparities, air pollution and insufficient affordable housing remain major concerns in rapidly growing cities. Traffic congestion and ageing utility systems also continue to affect urban sustainability and quality of life.
Progress/ Solution	Kazakhstan expanded housing and urban infrastructure programmes, including modernisation of public transport and utility services. In 2024, 18.9 million square metres of housing were commissioned, while smart city technologies and digital public services were further introduced in major urban centres. Disaster risk reduction and flood prevention measures were also strengthened after severe floods in 2024.
Unsolved Challenges	Air pollution, climate-related disaster risks and unequal urban development remain unresolved challenges. Sustainable waste management, resilient infrastructure financing and access to affordable housing continue to require stronger long-term investment and policy coordination.

Responsible Consumption

Score: 3
Justification	Kazakhstan recognises sustainable consumption and production as essential for reducing environmental pressures and improving resource efficiency. In 2024, the share of waste recycled and recovered reached 25.8 percent, compared with 18.3 percent in 2020.
Challenges	Industrial waste generation, inefficient resource use and low levels of recycling infrastructure continue to affect environmental sustainability. Dependence on extractive industries also contributes to high carbon and material intensity.
Progress/ Solution	Kazakhstan strengthened its circular economy policies and expanded waste sorting and recycling initiatives. The government introduced extended producer responsibility mechanisms and promoted cleaner production technologies. Measures supporting energy efficiency and sustainable industrial practices were also expanded under national environmental reforms.
Unsolved Challenges	Waste management systems remain uneven across regions, while public awareness of sustainable consumption practices is still limited. Industrial pollution, weak recycling markets and insufficient green technology investment continue to hinder progress.

Climate Action

Score: 3
Justification	Kazakhstan has identified climate action as a national priority because of increasing temperatures, glacier loss, droughts and floods. The country committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 and reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 15 percent from the 1990 level by 2030.
Challenges	Kazakhstan remains highly vulnerable to climate-related disasters, including severe floods in 2024 that affected multiple regions. Dependence on coal and energy-intensive industries also continues to increase greenhouse gas emissions and environmental risks.
Progress/ Solution	The government adopted the Strategy for Achieving Carbon Neutrality by 2060 and expanded renewable energy development and adaptation measures. In 2024, flood response and disaster recovery programmes were strengthened, while climate adaptation planning for water and agriculture sectors was further developed. Kazakhstan also expanded its emissions trading system and green finance initiatives.
Unsolved Challenges	Coal dependency, insufficient climate financing and limited adaptation capacity remain major barriers to effective climate action. Regional vulnerability to droughts, floods and desertification also continues to threaten sustainable development.

Life Below Water

Score: 3
Justification	Kazakhstan prioritises the protection of aquatic ecosystems because of the environmental and economic importance of the Caspian Sea, rivers and inland water resources. Sustainable fisheries and water ecosystem conservation are considered important for biodiversity and food security.
Challenges	Pollution, declining fish stocks and water ecosystem degradation continue to threaten aquatic biodiversity. The Caspian Sea also faces environmental pressure from industrial activity, oil extraction and climate change impacts.
Progress/ Solution	Kazakhstan strengthened environmental monitoring and conservation measures for aquatic ecosystems and fisheries management. Programmes to restore fish populations and improve water quality monitoring were expanded, while regional cooperation initiatives for Caspian environmental protection also continued.
Unsolved Challenges	Limited marine and freshwater ecosystem restoration, pollution control challenges and insufficient regional coordination continue to hinder long-term sustainability. Climate-related changes in water levels and biodiversity loss also remain unresolved concerns.

Life on Land

Score: 3
Justification	Kazakhstan recognises biodiversity conservation and sustainable land management as national priorities because of increasing land degradation and desertification risks. Around 30 million hectares of land are affected by erosion and degradation.
Challenges	Desertification, biodiversity loss, forest degradation and unsustainable land use continue to threaten ecosystems and agricultural productivity. Climate change and water scarcity also intensify environmental pressures.
Progress/ Solution	Kazakhstan expanded protected natural areas and reforestation programmes under the national environmental agenda. Measures to restore degraded land, conserve endangered species and improve forest management were strengthened. The government also continued large-scale tree planting initiatives and biodiversity monitoring programmes.
Unsolved Challenges	Land degradation, illegal wildlife exploitation and insufficient ecosystem restoration financing remain major concerns. Long-term biodiversity conservation and sustainable land management still require stronger institutional coordination and climate adaptation measures.

Peace & Justice

Score: 3
Justification	Kazakhstan recognises effective institutions, rule of law and public trust as essential foundations for sustainable development and social stability. The country continued governance reforms under the concept of a “Just Kazakhstan” and strengthened public administration and anti-corruption measures in 2024.
Challenges	Corruption risks, limited public participation and unequal access to justice continue to affect institutional effectiveness. Regional disparities in legal services and concerns regarding transparency and accountability also remain important challenges.
Progress/ Solution	Kazakhstan expanded digital public services and introduced reforms to strengthen judicial independence, public accountability and anti-corruption mechanisms. In 2024, more than 90 percent of public services were delivered electronically. Measures supporting human rights protection, public consultations and local governance reforms were also strengthened.
Unsolved Challenges	Public trust in institutions, effective law enforcement transparency and equal access to justice still require improvement. Corruption prevention, civic participation and institutional accountability mechanisms remain ongoing priorities.

Partnerships

Score: 3
Justification	Kazakhstan considers international cooperation, financing and multi-stakeholder partnerships essential for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The country strengthened cooperation with UN agencies, international financial institutions and regional development partners during the preparation of the 2025 VNR.
Challenges	Financing gaps, uneven regional development capacity and limited integration of SDGs into local planning continue to affect implementation effectiveness. Data limitations and coordination challenges between institutions also constrain monitoring and evaluation processes.
Progress/ Solution	Kazakhstan expanded cooperation with development partners and strengthened SDG localisation and statistical monitoring systems. In 2024, the government continued integrating SDG indicators into national planning frameworks and budgeting processes. Partnerships supporting climate action, digitalisation, healthcare, education and infrastructure development were also expanded.
Unsolved Challenges	Long-term SDG financing, institutional coordination and comprehensive disaggregated data systems remain insufficient. Stronger partnerships with civil society, academia and the private sector are still needed to accelerate progress towards the 2030 Agenda.

SDGs World Progress: On-Track

SDG2

SDGs World Progress: Moderately Off-Track

Country Challenges

Persistent regional inequalities continue to affect poverty reduction, healthcare, education and infrastructure development, particularly between urban and rural areas.
Kazakhstan remains highly dependent on extractive industries and coal, with coal accounting for around 70 percent of electricity generation in 2024.
Around 30 million hectares of land are affected by erosion and degradation, creating serious environmental and agricultural sustainability challenges.
Climate-related risks, including severe floods in 2024, droughts, glacier loss and desertification, continue to threaten livelihoods and infrastructure.
Dependence on imported food products remains high for poultry meat (79 percent), fish (68 percent), sausages (60 percent), cheese and cottage cheese (53 percent), and sugar (33 percent) in 2024.
Low expenditure on research and development, at only 0.16 percent of GDP in 2024, continues to limit innovation and technological advancement.
Gender disparities in wages, leadership positions and unpaid care work remain unresolved despite policy reforms.
Waste management, pollution control and sustainable resource use remain uneven across regions, limiting environmental progress.

Country Lessons Learned

Strong integration of SDGs into national development strategies improves policy coordination and long-term planning effectiveness.
Digital governance systems, such as the Digital Family Card and electronic public services, can significantly improve service delivery, targeting and transparency.
Large-scale investment in infrastructure, education and renewable energy is essential for sustainable and inclusive economic growth.
Climate adaptation and disaster preparedness must be integrated into national planning because environmental risks increasingly affect development outcomes.
Expanding social protection systems and targeted financial support helps reduce poverty and inequality more effectively.
Legal reforms alone are insufficient for gender equality unless combined with economic opportunities, social awareness and institutional support systems.
Sustainable agriculture and water management require long-term investment in innovation, land restoration and efficient resource use.
Multi-stakeholder partnerships with international organisations, private sector actors and civil society strengthen SDG implementation and monitoring.

Country Contribution

The national poverty rate declined from 5.2 percent in 2022 to 5.0 percent in 2024, while the international extreme poverty rate fell from 2.7 percent in 2021 to 1.4 percent in 2024.
In 2024, over 4.5 million people received pensions and benefits worth ₸5.3 tn through expanded social protection systems.
Gross agricultural production increased by 13.7 percent to ₸8.3 tn in 2024, while agricultural financing rose to ₸580 bn compared with ₸180 bn previously.
Renewable energy generated 6.43 percent of total electricity production in 2024, compared with 3.7 percent in 2020, with renewable energy facilities increasing to 154 and installed capacity exceeding 3 GW.
Public expenditure on education reached 5.9 percent of GDP in 2024, while preschool coverage for children aged 2–6 years increased to 93.1 percent.
In April 2024, Kazakhstan criminalised domestic violence and strengthened legal protections for women and children.
Internet coverage reached 99 percent of settlements in 2024, while 5G technology was introduced in major cities under the Digital Kazakhstan programme.
Access to safely managed drinking water services reached 99.4 percent in urban areas and 97.8 percent in rural areas in 2024.
In 2024, 18.9 million square metres of housing were commissioned to support sustainable urban development and housing access.
Kazakhstan adopted the Strategy for Achieving Carbon Neutrality by 2060 and expanded renewable energy and green finance initiatives.

Kazakhstan

Overview

Social Networks

SDGs Progress Tracker

Voluntary National Reports

Country Focal Point

Location

Region

No Poverty

Zero Hunger

Good Health

Quality Education

Gender Equality

Water & Sanitation

Clean Energy

Decent Work

Industry & Infrastructure

Inequality

Sustainable Cities

Responsible Consumption

Climate Action

Life Below Water

Life on Land

Peace & Justice

Partnerships

SDGs World Progress: On-Track

SDGs World Progress: Moderately Off-Track

Country Challenges

Country Lessons Learned

Country Contribution

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Kazakhstan

Overview

Social Networks

SDGs Progress Tracker

Voluntary National Reports

Country Focal Point

Location

Region

No Poverty

Zero Hunger

Good Health

Quality Education

Gender Equality

Water & Sanitation

Clean Energy

Decent Work

Industry & Infrastructure

Inequality

Sustainable Cities

Responsible Consumption

Climate Action

Life Below Water

Life on Land

Peace & Justice

Partnerships

SDGs World Progress: On-Track

SDGs World Progress: Moderately Off-Track

Country Challenges

Country Lessons Learned

Country Contribution

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