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Overview

The Government of the Syrian Arab Republic presents this Voluntary National Review (VNR) for the year 2024, reflecting its ongoing commitment to the United Nation’s (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Building on the first review submitted in 2020, this report demonstrates Syria’s efforts to integrate sustainable development principles into national policies and priorities, despite extraordinary challenges. These include years of conflict, unilateral coercive measures, foreign occupation, and natural disasters, most recently the earthquake of 6 February 2023. The government has emphasised inclusive development, participation of civil society, academia, private sector actors, and local authorities, while ensuring alignment with national reconstruction plans and the principle of leaving no one behind. Syria continues to focus on strengthening institutional frameworks, rebuilding communities, and fostering economic, social, and environmental resilience.

Recommendations

  1. Expand Social Protection Coverage: Continue to increase social security and insurance coverage to ensure that vulnerable groups, including the elderly, children with special needs, and low-income families, receive adequate support.
  2. Strengthen Health Services: Maintain high rates of skilled birth attendance and immunisation, and expand access to modern family planning and primary healthcare, ensuring equitable health services across urban and rural areas.
  3. Invest in Education and Literacy: Enhance early childhood education enrolment, reduce illiteracy further, and expand school infrastructure such as prefabricated classrooms and double-shift schools to improve access to quality education for all.
  4. Promote Gender Equality and Women’s Participation: Continue to increase female participation in the labour force and political representation, and implement policies that encourage women’s economic empowerment and leadership.
  5. Improve Infrastructure and Urban Services: Strengthen urban infrastructure, including sewage treatment, safe landfills, and waste management, while increasing access to electricity, renewable energy, and digital connectivity.
  6. Support Agricultural Productivity and Food Security: Enhance sustainable agriculture practices, increase cereal and legume production, and maintain access to plant genetic resources to ensure food security and resilience against climate shocks.
  7. Conserve Natural Resources and Biodiversity: Expand initiatives for marine protection, biodiversity conservation, and renewable energy, while promoting sustainable use of forests, fisheries, and other natural resources.
  8. Enhance Safety and Rule of Law: Continue efforts to reduce crime and protect vulnerable groups, focusing on prevention, awareness, and strengthening the justice system.
  9. Strengthen Technology and Connectivity: Expand internet and mobile coverage, promote digital literacy, and leverage technology for economic, educational, and social development.
  10. Encourage International Partnerships: Strengthen collaboration with international organisations and donors to access technical assistance, financial support, and knowledge-sharing to achieve sustainable development goals effectively.

Conclusion

Despite the complex challenges facing the country, the Syrian Arab Republic remains committed to SDGs and the UN 2030 Agenda. The government has prioritised recovery, peace, and stability, while advancing programmes to integrate development goals at national and local levels. Progress in areas such as health, education, social protection, and infrastructure demonstrates resilience and dedication to citizen well-being. Moving forward, Syria aims to consolidate gains, strengthen partnerships, and enhance monitoring and evaluation systems to ensure effective implementation of sustainable development objectives, ultimately contributing to a prosperous and inclusive future for all its people.

SDGs Progress Tracker
  • SDGs Completion % 18
  • SDGs On-Track % 0
  • SDGs Achieved % 0
Voluntary National Reports
Country Focal Point

Mr Refaat Hejazi
Advisor of Head of Planning and International Cooperation Commission

Location

Planning and International Cooperation Commission, Aleppo, Syria

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Region
  • MENA
  • Syria
No Poverty
Score 0
Justification The extreme poverty rate, which stood at approximately 8.5% of the population in 2010, escalated dramatically to around 58% in 2022, reflecting the severe socio-economic impact of prolonged conflict and economic decline. The reduction in public spending on essential services such as education, health, and social protection further weakens household resilience, placing vulnerable groups at greater risk of falling below the poverty line.
Challenges Public expenditure on essential services shows a declining trend: education spending fell from 18% in 2010 and 23% in 2015 to only 8.6% in 2023, while health spending reached 6.1% in 2023, compared with 5% in 2010 and 6% in 2015. Regional disparities persist, economic growth has slowed, and job creation has declined. The regulatory environment for business and investment remains weak, with investments concentrated mainly in Damascus, Rural Damascus, and Homs. Limited government financial capacity further restricts its ability to bridge the widening gap between income levels and living costs.
Progress/

Solution

 Despite the difficult context, some progress has been recorded in social support mechanisms. The number of individuals registered in social security increased from 1.95 million in 2010 to slightly more than two million in 2022. Beneficiaries of social insurance and pension services also grew from 543,000 in 2010 to 874,000 in 2023. The share of households covered by the National Social Aid Fund increased from 6% in 2010 to 11% in 2022. Certain areas of social protection expanded, such as care for people with cerebral palsy, with beneficiaries rising from 25,829 in 2013 to approximately 32,000 in 2023, alongside an increase in the number of homes for the elderly from 12 in 2010 to 20 in 2023.
Unsolved Challenges Several unresolved issues continue to constrain poverty reduction efforts. Large segments of the population remain vulnerable due to weak social protection networks and insufficient targeting. The destruction of rural infrastructure and essential service facilities has severely reduced access for already fragile communities, requiring significant resources for reconstruction and rehabilitation. The decline in the number of orphanages from 32 in 2010 to 22 in 2023 illustrates gaps in meeting the needs of certain groups, while institutions for people with disabilities remain stagnant at 31. Given the limited investment and financial constraints, achieving SDG 1 by 2030 remains unlikely unless substantial reforms in the business environment, expanded development assistance, income-cost balancing strategies, and sustainable support policies are urgently implemented.
Zero Hunger
Score :1
Justification The percentage of households that were not nutritionally secure increased from about 30 % in 2019 to approximately 56 % in 2020 and 2021, remaining high despite declining to nearly 47 % of all households in 2023. This situation reflects the combined effects of conflict, economic constraints, and declining agricultural capacity. While the underweight rate among children under five remained stable at 2.2 % between 2015 and 2023, the overall deterioration in food security conditions demonstrates the need for immediate interventions to protect vulnerable groups.
Challenges Production per workday declined in several agricultural sectors between 2010 and 2020, with industrial crops falling by 0.06 %, fruit crops by 1.92 %, and animal production groups by 0.8 %. The share of land dedicated to sustainable agricultural production decreased sharply from 5.53 % in 2010 to 4.68 % in 2021, and further to 3.3 % in 2023. Food prices also increased dramatically, rising by 5689 % in 2022 compared with 2010, at an annual growth rate of 44.7 % for the period 2010 to 2022. These pressures are compounded by high production costs for fertilisers and fuels, limited access to modern technologies, and the continued migration of farmers from rural areas due to the effects of conflict.
Progress/

Solution

 Some positive developments have helped moderate the impact of food insecurity. The stability of the underweight index in children suggests that child nutrition has been prioritised, supported by improved food consumption practices among some families and better access to health facilities. Agricultural production per workday showed growth in certain plant groups between 2010 and 2020, with cereals rising by 3.16 % and dry legumes by 7.27 %. In addition, the number of plant genetic resources preserved in medium term storage facilities increased from 5,427 in 2015 to 9,191 in 2022, reflecting efforts to protect agricultural biodiversity.
Unsolved Challenges Several issues remain unresolved and continue to threaten food security and sustainable agriculture. Large areas of agricultural land remain affected by conflict, reducing production capacity and restricting access to critical farmlands. The number of local livestock breeds classified as at risk of extinction remains unchanged at 60 %, while long term genetic resource preservation has not progressed beyond 7,500 resources. The ongoing decline in productive land, the politicisation of food security matters, and weak external agricultural trade restrict opportunities for recovery. Under current conditions, achieving SDG 2 by 2030 appears unlikely unless substantial improvements in agricultural productivity, diversification, scientific research, and regional trade cooperation are prioritised.
Good Health
Score: 1
Justification Maternal deaths increased from 58 per 100,000 live births in 2013 to 67 in 2015, before declining to 62 in 2019 and further to 60.4 in 2023. Infant and under five mortalities also fluctuated between 2010 and 2023, reflecting ongoing vulnerabilities in health coverage and service quality. These indicators show that while some recovery has occurred, health outcomes remain fragile and require sustained attention to improve the overall well-being of mothers and children.
Challenges Despite improvements, significant challenges persist within the health sector. Infant mortality rose again to 18.7 per thousand in 2023, and under five mortality returned to 23.7 per thousand in 2023 after earlier progress. Tuberculosis prevalence decreased from 19.44 per 100,000 in 2010 to 11.28 in 2019, but rose again to 15 in 2023, and cases of viral hepatitis fluctuated widely. The health sector continues to suffer from damaged medical infrastructure, a decline in primary health care centres, the migration of medical personnel, and insufficient financial resources required for sector development.
Progress/

Solution

 There has been improvement in several areas of health service delivery. Births attended by trained personnel increased from 81 % in 2015 to 99.1 % in 2023, following a previous decline from 96.2 % in 2010. Immunisation coverage for children under five, after falling sharply to 57 % in 2015, rose to 70 to 74 % in 2019 and remained at 74 % in 2023. The incidence of AIDS stabilised between 0.33 and 0.52 per 100,000 people during 2010 to 2019, reaching 0.4 in 2023, while Syria maintained freedom from malaria. The population covered by basic health services reached 100 %, and the use of modern family planning methods increased slightly to 48.6 % in 2023.
Unsolved Challenges The destruction of hospitals and reproductive health clinics has reduced service quality and accessibility, while the reduced capacity of the primary health care network weakens early detection and prevention efforts. Fluctuating disease patterns, low and unstable family planning uptake, and the need for sustained medical supplies continue to hinder progress. Without strengthened investment in infrastructure, pharmaceuticals, and community health awareness, achieving the targets of SDG 3 by 2030 will remain difficult despite the sector’s potential and continued international support.
Quality Education
Score: 1
Justification Net enrolment in basic education reached 97 % in 2010, fell to 75 % in 2015, rose to 80 % in 2019, and declined again to 67 % in 2023. Completion rates also fluctuated, with basic education completion dropping from 100 % in 2010 to 59 % in 2019, before rising to 73 % in 2023. Preparatory education completion decreased from 67 % in 2010 to 43 % in 2019, then increased to 60 % in 2023, and secondary completion rose from 24 % in 2019 to 32 % in 2023 after an earlier decline. These variations show the long term effects of the crisis on access, retention, and progression in education.
Challenges Despite these interventions, the education sector continued to face severe obstacles. Many school buildings were damaged or destroyed and a large number were converted into shelters. Displacement forced many families to relocate, resulting in children dropping out of school. The difficult economic conditions increased child labour, while pressure on remaining schools led to overcrowded classrooms and reduced learning quality. These constraints hindered stable enrolment, regular attendance, and the full recovery of learning outcomes.
Progress/

Solution

 Progress was achieved through targeted national efforts to preserve the continuity of learning. Early childhood enrolment, which had fallen to 5.2 % between 2013 and 2019, increased to 10.3 % in 2023. Illiteracy among males fell from 8.6 % in 2010 to 3.29 % in 2021, while illiteracy among females declined from 22.6 % in 2010 to 8.6 % in 2023. The government adopted a new methodology to reintegrate large numbers of out of school children by reopening and repairing schools, adding 447 prefabricated classrooms, expanding double shift schools, and securing teachers, equipment, and learning tools. Innovative interventions such as condensed education, self-learning materials, school clubs for remedial learning, and complementary courses helped learners recover missed schooling and supported the continuation of education in difficult areas including conflict zones.
Unsolved Challenges A substantial gap remains in restoring the education infrastructure and ensuring sufficient financial resources to expand spending on pre university education. Large numbers of out of school children still require reintegration, and teacher shortages continue in several regions. Persistent economic pressure on families, limited access in hard to reach areas, and the ongoing need to rehabilitate damaged schools all delay progress. Achieving SDG 4 by 2030 remains possible, but it will require sustained investment, improved learning environments, and the full mobilisation of human and financial resources to support quality education for all.
Gender Equality
Score: 1
Justification Gender parity in basic education moved from 96.2 % in 2010 to 94.4 % in 2015, then improved to 97 % in 2023. Parity in secondary education remained at 102 % in 2010 and 2015, before rising to 114 % in 2023, mainly due to higher male dropout as boys entered the labour market. At the university level, the parity index increased from 115 % in 2010 to 122 % in 2023, reflecting higher female participation. Social and cultural norms still influence female choices of academic fields, yet rising awareness and confidence among women continue to reduce these constraints. These patterns justify the need for stronger action on gender equality, empowerment, and equal opportunities.
Challenges Women remain underrepresented in leadership, with female ministers not exceeding 10 % in recent years and female diplomats reaching 27.8 % in 2023 after being 20 % in 2013. Female representation in the administrative executive authority stood at 15.4 % in 2023, down from 19 % in 2010. Labour participation in sectors such as agriculture and construction remains very low, with female participation in construction at 1 % in 2010 and even lower in 2023. Deep rooted social norms, economic pressures, and limited access to decision making spaces continue to restrict the full empowerment of women across sectors.
Progress/

Solution

 There has been notable progress in female participation in public life, employment, and decision making. Female participation in the labour force rose from 12.9 % in 2010 to 35.9 % in 2019, before settling at 27.8 % in 2023. Women accounted for 69 % of all workers in the services sector in 2019, and their representation in political parties increased from 15 % in 2010 to 30 % in 2023. Legislative and institutional reforms, including elections laws and the Political Parties Law, strengthened democratic participation and gave women broader opportunities to engage in public life. The appointment of a female Deputy President for Cultural Affairs in 2009 and the election of women to local councils, rising from 2.6 % in 2011 to 12.5 % in 2022, reflect steps towards broader representation. Internationally, Syria approved 49 International Labour Organization agreements, including 11 directly related to gender equality.
Unsolved Challenges Persistent gaps remain in political, economic, and administrative empowerment, requiring more comprehensive national policies and sustained institutional commitment. Gender based violence, unequal access to opportunities, and the influence of inherited social values continue to hinder progress. The legislative environment supports gender equality, yet community awareness and acceptance have not reached the required level. Achieving full realisation of SDG 5 by 2030 is possible for many of the education related targets, but political and administrative empowerment will need longer time and much stronger societal engagement to ensure lasting equality and fairness for women in all areas of public and professional life.
Water & Sanitation
Score:1
Justification Access to safe drinking water and sanitation has shown fluctuations over the years, indicating the need to strengthen SDG efforts. The percentage of the population benefiting from safe drinking water services decreased from 94 % in 2010 to 92 % in 2019, with expectations of returning to 94 % in 2023. Safe household sewage treatment in urban areas also declined from 2010 to 2015 before rising again to 41.8 % in 2023. In rural areas, a gradual decline occurred between 2010 and 2013 due to damage caused by armed groups targeting treatment plants and the wider impacts of war and siege. These declines demonstrate the long term effects of conflict on essential water and sanitation services.
Challenges The water sector continues to face major difficulties caused by the destruction of treatment stations, damage to sewage networks, and lack of access to equipment needed for repair and rehabilitation. Declining rainfall and irregular temporal and spatial distribution further reduced water availability and quality. The water stress index worsened from 100 % in 2010 to 116.8 % in 2023, showing pressure on freshwater resources. Integrated water resources management fell from 76 % in 2010 to 64 % in 2023 due to limited tools, reduced human capacity, restricted access to facilities, and weakened funding. War, sanctions, and political barriers to water flows added further pressure on service delivery and rehabilitation work.
Progress/

Solution

 Despite severe constraints, national efforts contributed to gradual improvement in several indicators. Safe sewage treatment in urban areas rose steadily after 2015 until reaching 41.8 % in 2023. The share of water sources with good quality and availability, which dropped from 76 % in 2010 to 75 % in 2015, remained stable until 2019 before declining again. Water use efficiency showed periods of recovery, improving from negative 71 % in 2013 to positive values in 2015 and 2019, reaching 1.482 dollars per cubic metre in 2019 across agriculture, industry, and services. Integrated management efforts continued despite limited capacity, and ecosystem monitoring registered an increase of 21 % in 2019 due to stronger rainfall. These improvements reflect the impact of restoration work and targeted interventions using available national resources.
Unsolved Challenges Several gaps remain unresolved, including the continued damage to wastewater treatment facilities, the lack of essential materials for maintaining sewage networks, and the difficulty of rehabilitating water infrastructure. Natural factors such as reduced rainfall and high evaporation rates continue to affect water availability, while political obstacles hinder the country from fully benefiting from its water resources. Achieving all SDG related targets remains uncertain, especially those linked to climate impacts and long term resource management. However, targets related to drinking water access remain achievable with sustained investment, integrated resource management, and improved technical capacity.
Clean Energy
Score: 1
Justification The energy sector has experienced a major decline that directly affects the achievement of many Sustainable Development Goals. The percentage of electricity demand that was met fell sharply from 99 % in 2010 to 70 % in 2019, and continued to decline to only 32 % in 2023. This severe reduction in supply limits economic activity and restricts the ability to deliver essential services across the country. Access to clean fuel and clean technology also fell from 100 % in 2010 to 60 % in 2023, underscoring the deepening energy shortage and its negative impact on households and development outcomes.
Challenges The sector faces severe challenges caused primarily by the destruction of power stations, transmission networks, and towers during the war, which left large parts of the system inoperable. A considerable number of oil and gas wells went out of service, with some falling under the control of foreign forces and associated militias who continue to take and smuggle Syria’s oil. Limited investment in renewable energy across both the public sector and the private sector further restricts progress. The decline of hydroelectric energy from 3 % in 2010 to 1 % in 2021 also reflects the cumulative damage to national generation capacity.
Progress/

Solution

 Despite the overall decline, some indicators show improvement due to targeted national efforts. Energy intensity, measured by primary energy per thousand dollars in local output, increased from 42 megajoules in 2010 to more than 78 megajoules in 2021, reflecting adjustments in national production systems. The share of renewable energy in total final energy consumption rose from 2.6 % in 2019 to 4.3 % in 2021, supported by gradual expansion of renewable projects. Renewable generation capacity also increased significantly, rising from 0.28 watts per capita in 2015 to 8.94 watts per capita in 2022. These improvements represent important steps towards diversifying the energy mix and rebuilding the sector.
Unsolved Challenges Key issues remain unresolved, including the need to rebuild destroyed infrastructure, secure reliable funding, and restore full national control over oil and gas fields to reduce dependence on imported energy. The continuing loss of national resources due to foreign presence and armed groups remains a core obstacle that prevents stable recovery. Without substantial investment in renewable energy and stronger policy support for the private sector, progress will remain limited. Given the current conditions, this SDG is among the most difficult to achieve, as persistent shortages of materials, continued external interference, and ongoing resource depletion restrict the country’s capacity to restore its energy system.
Decent Work
Score: 0
Justification Economic performance has experienced significant fluctuations that highlight the fragility of national growth. The average annual growth rate of gross domestic product declined to - 6.8& during the period 2010 to 2021. Although growth improved from 2014, it remained weak and unstable. Annual growth reached 1.5% in 2018 and one point two % in 2019, but then fell to -0.15% in 2020 before improving to 1.3% in 2021. Growth again declined to -0.58% in 2022, followed by a slight improvement to about 1.4% in 2023. Per capita growth reflected similar instability, falling from 28.1% in 2010 to 0.4% in 2011, then collapsing to - 28.1 % in 2013, before partial recovery in the following years.
Challenges Serious structural and external pressures continue to impede economic recovery. A large part of national wealth has fallen outside state control, causing severe losses in production and revenue. Private investment, both local and foreign, remains very limited. The country also suffers from a major shortage of foreign currency sources, which restricts imports and weakens productive capacity. Extensive damage to infrastructure and the lasting effects of the corona pandemic have further slowed recovery. The unemployment rate remained high at around 23.6% in 2023, while average output per worker declined to -4.7% in 2023. Child labour also rose, with the proportion of children aged 5 to 17Years engaged in work increasing from 6.37% in 2020 to 6.38% in 2021.
Progress/

Solution

 Some indicators show small improvements over time. Per capita gross domestic product recorded positive growth of zero point one % in 2019 for the first time after several years of negative performance. The tourism contribution to national output, which had declined sharply from 2.24% in 2010 to 0.83% in 2011, remained extremely low during 2013 to 2018, but later increased slightly to 0.03% during 2019 to 2023. The unemployment rate, which had risen to 48.4% in 2015, later decreased to 21.8% in 2021, demonstrating some improvement in labour market conditions. Average annual growth in output per worker also showed temporary improvements, reaching seventeen point five % in 2015 and two % in 2019, before entering a period of renewed decline.
Unsolved Challenges Major issues remain unresolved, including the need for structural transformation of the national economy, improved investment conditions, and enhanced support for small and medium enterprises. The agricultural sector requires better organisation and sustainable solutions to long standing problems. Reliable energy supply for economic sectors also remains insufficient. Without an international environment that removes financial restrictions, stops external interference, and allows full national control over economic resources, progress towards this SDG will remain very limited. Under current conditions, it is difficult to achieve sustained economic growth and decent work by the year 2030, as the essential components of recovery and development are still lacking.
Industry & Infrastructure
Score: 1
Justification The performance of key transport and industry indicators shows a significant decline over the period 2010 to 2022. Passenger movement in air transport fell sharply, with the largest drop of about 80 % in 2013 compared with 2010. Rail passenger transport also declined by 96 % in 2013. Freight movement varied, as shipments decreased by 68% in 2013 before improving by 70% in 2019 and dropping again by 14% in 2021. Industrial labour participation fell from 0.16% in 2010 to 0.1% in 2013. Spending on scientific research declined from 0.11% in 2010 to 0.028%  in 2021, and the number of researchers dropped from 281 workers per million in 2010 to 273 in 2021.
Challenges Major challenges continue to hinder progress toward achieving this goal. There is a severe lack of financial resources required to develop road, communication, and industrial infrastructure. The air fleet has significantly reduced in size, with fewer operational aircraft and limited capacity to renew or modernise the fleet. External contracting remains difficult, making it challenging to compensate for shortages in equipment and machinery across transport modes. Deterioration in the condition of many transport companies and outdated technology further restricts development.
Progress/

Solution

 Some progress has been noted in specific areas despite overall decline in transport and industry performance. Industrial labour recorded slight improvement to 0.11% in 2015 and 0.13% in 2021. The population covered by the mobile phone network increased from 78% in 2015 to 97.5% in 2022. Rural residents living more than two kilometres from a usable road decreased from 15% in 2010 to 11% in 2013, and further improvements were recorded with 18% coverage in 2022. These improvements indicate gradual recovery in connectivity and digital inclusion.
Unsolved Challenges Achieving this goal remains difficult due to extensive destruction of transport infrastructure and continued deterioration in road, air, and rail systems. The ageing fleet of trains, aircraft, and vehicles increases operation and maintenance costs while failing to meet international standards. The absence of clean transport infrastructure and low adoption of modern technology and smart systems further complicate progress. Without increased investment, qualified technical labour, and improved access to technology, the goal is unlikely to be achieved by the year 2030.
Inequality
Score: 1
Justification The decline in individual family spending reflects a sharp deterioration in living conditions. Average individual spending growth dropped from 0.7% in 2009 to about negative 9.4% in 2015 and negative 15. 2% in 2017 before improving to 6.5 % in 2019. It then declined again to about negative 18% in 2022. A similar trend is evident among the bottom 40% of the population; whose average spending growth fell from 8.4% in 2009 to an average of negative 9.2% during the period 2015 to 2022. The share of the population living on less than half of median income also increased during the war years, rising to 11% in 2019 and reaching 18.2% in 2022.
Challenges Progress toward this goal faces major constraints, including financial difficulties and the continuation of sanctions. Unstable climatic conditions expose vulnerable groups to repeated disasters. Rapid population growth exerts pressure on services and the labour market. Limited community awareness of sustainable development and social inclusion restricts progress. The destruction of human and social capital and the challenges in statistics, monitoring and evaluation weaken the ability to apply proper targeting standards based on reliable data.
Progress/

Solution

 The data show some limited improvement in specific indicators, although the overall trend remains negative. The gender distribution within the group living below half of median income shows that females consistently recorded higher rates than males, confirming greater vulnerability. The percentage of people with disabilities in this category declined slightly, although it remained double the level recorded in 2015 at about 0.6% in 2022. Labour contribution to real output at factor cost began to improve after years of decline, remaining close to 20% during the period 2011 to 2021, although it had exceeded thirty % in 2010.
Unsolved Challenges Achieving this goal remains difficult due to deepening disparities between regions and population groups. Despite targeted programmes, fragile groups continue to expand as a result of successive crises, the impacts of the war, and the pressure of limited resources. The country has not yet moved from the humanitarian response stage to sustainable development action. Continued siege and shrinking resources further limit the ability to support fair income distribution, rebuild institutions, and provide adequate livelihood opportunities. As a result, achieving Goal Ten remains unlikely without stronger support systems, equitable governance, and long term development interventions.
Sustainable Cities
Score:1
Justification The percentage of the population living in informal or randomly constructed housing declined from 15% in 2010 to 12% in 2015 and stabilised at 11% between 2019 and 2023. Access to general transport also decreased, from 27.3% in 2010 to 24 point 8% in 2019, before slightly improving to 26% in 2023. These figures highlight the persistent difficulties in ensuring adequate housing and transport infrastructure for the population, particularly in urban and displaced communities.
Challenges The sector faces major challenges due to large-scale displacement caused by war, repeated disruptions to regional planning, and the lack of basic equipment to respond effectively to disasters. The effects of unilateral coercive measures and resource scarcity have further hindered the capacity to manage emergencies, including earthquakes and floods. Limited financial and institutional capacity restricts the ability to rebuild housing and improve essential infrastructure at the pace required.
Progress/

Solution

 The number of solid waste landfills increased from four in 2010 to thirteen in 2015, though four landfills were decommissioned, leaving nine in 2019 and rising to eleven in 2023. Sorting and composting infrastructure was introduced for the first time in 2015, with two sorting plants and two composting laboratories, and these facilities remained operational in 2023. Administrative structures have been strengthened, with 1470 local units adopting urban planning and development strategies in line with constitutional provisions and national policies, promoting community participation and balanced regional development. Disaster risk reduction strategies have been implemented in all governorates, including fire brigades, rescue centres, and monitoring systems.
Unsolved Challenges Providing decent housing remains difficult due to the continuous rise in costs, the impact of disasters such as earthquakes, and the ongoing consequences of war. The transport sector continues to be severely affected by limited resources and coercive measures, while the environmental sector has been deprioritised in national planning. Ensuring long-term resilience, equitable housing, and access to basic services will require substantial investment, updated digital data systems, and strengthened legislation to support sustainable urban development.
Responsible Consumption
Score: 1
Justification The average annual per capita energy consumption in Syria reached 0.141 tonnes of oil equivalent in 2016, increasing to 0.440 tonnes in 2017 and 0.477 tonnes in 2018, but declined again to 0.402 tonnes in 2022. Water use efficiency also remains below pre-crisis levels, with a total value of 1.188 $ per cubic metre in 2015, improving to 1.482 $ per cubic metre in 2019, before declining to 1.09 $ per cubic metre in 2022. These indicators reflect the continuing difficulties in achieving sustainable energy and water management in the context of conflict and resource constraints.
Challenges The sector faces severe challenges due to the destruction of power generation stations, equipment, and transmission lines caused by terrorist activities. Coercive measures imposed by foreign states have restricted access to alternative energy sources. Investment in renewable energies remains weak, while integrated management of the energy system and public environmental awareness in production and consumption are insufficient. These constraints limit the capacity to improve resource efficiency and advance sustainability goals.
Progress/

Solution

 Implementation of environmentally sound management has seen incremental improvements. Transportation and chemical waste centres reached 12% in implementation, while fertilizer plants and sorting centres increased from 0% in 2016 to 3% in 2019 and remained stable in 2023. Medical waste treatment units maintained an implementation rate of 16% between 2015 and 2023. Sanitary landfills improved from 27% in 2016 to 30% in 2019, reaching 31% in 2022. Education policies and curricula have emphasised sustainable development, citizenship, tolerance, and gender equality, fostering awareness of responsible lifestyles and social values.
Unsolved Challenges Achieving sustainable energy and resource efficiency remains difficult due to lack of supplies, funding, and investment. Coercive measures continue to hinder the provision of alternative energy and the improvement of natural resource use. Substantial financing, national renewable energy projects, and stronger environmental awareness in production and consumption are required to make progress. The transformation towards sustainable energy remains a long-term challenge that requires concerted effort and resources.
Climate Action
Score:1
Justification The Syrian government developed a National Strategy to address climate change and natural disasters, preparing the first national climate change report in 2010. This report included a greenhouse gas emissions inventory and measures to reduce emissions, as well as strategies to benefit from clean development mechanisms. Syria has also engaged internationally, joining the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1995, ratifying the Kyoto Protocol, and acceding to the Paris Climate Agreement in 2005. These efforts demonstrate the government's commitment to mitigating climate risks and aligning with global environmental standards.
Challenges Significant challenges remain due to limited financial resources and lack of supplies for climate adaptation. Natural disasters such as droughts, earthquakes, and forest fires pose acute risks, and Syria’s national capacity to respond to these events is constrained. Weak national planning, limited access to international support, and insufficient technical expertise further reduce the effectiveness of adaptation and disaster risk management strategies.
Progress/

Solution

 Locally, the government issued legislation and implemented procedures to reduce climate change impacts. In 2014, a project matrix was developed to improve air quality, including the establishment of wind farms and photovoltaic electricity generation in several regions. Modern school curricula were updated to promote environmental awareness, respect for nature, sustainable resource use, and responsible behavioural patterns. These initiatives aim to strengthen understanding of the relationship between humans and the environment and foster national environmental consciousness.
Unsolved Challenges Achieving climate resilience remains difficult due to the international, regional, and local dimensions of climate risks and Syria’s limited capacity to implement precautionary measures. Greater support is required from international organisations and member states to strengthen national environmental abilities, activate disaster response programmes across all governorates, and implement desertification control initiatives. Without improved funding, technical capacity, and coordination, the goal of effective climate action remains challenging to achieve.

 

Life Below Water
Score: 1
Justification Syria’s marine environment has experienced notable changes in water acidity, ranging from 7.34 to 7.81 in 2010, increasing to 7.64 to 7.97 in 2019 and varying between 7.44 and 8.00 in 2022. Fish stocks decreased from 7654 tons in 2015 to 4561 tons in 2019, before rising to 10414 tons in 2022. By 2019, Syria had acceded to eight international agreements on marine life protection, up from six in 2010. The government has also maintained Law No. 30 of 1964, updated to include additional aquatic species, regulate fishing licences, and protect marine ecological balances.
Challenges Syria faces several challenges in marine protection. Pollution from urban waste, industrial effluents, and petroleum processing threatens coastal waters and marine biodiversity. Unsustainable fishing practices, including excessive hunting and increased numbers of fishing vessels, have depleted fish stocks. Climate change has also intensified environmental pressures, exacerbating the vulnerability of marine ecosystems and threatening long-term sustainability.
Progress/

Solution

 Efforts to improve marine sustainability have included adherence to international agreements and the development of national regulations governing fishing practices and habitat protection. Updated legislation defines zones for fishing and migratory species monitoring, while initiatives have been launched to restore depleted fish stocks. Coordination among relevant institutions and the establishment of marine spatial planning frameworks aim to manage coastal and marine ecosystems more sustainably.
Unsolved Challenges Achieving SDG 14 remains difficult due to limited financial resources and technology, as well as restrictions on accessing international support and converting contributions under international frameworks. Marine ecosystem management still requires enhanced private sector engagement, improved coordination across institutions, and the full implementation of marine spatial planning. Without strengthened national capacities and continued international cooperation, progress toward sustainable use of marine resources is likely to remain limited.

 

Life on Land
Score :1
Justification Land degradation in Syria has increased significantly, with degraded land rising from 12% of the total land area in 2015 to 23.8% in 2019, representing an increase of approximately 98%. Forests have remained limited, constituting no more than 2.9% of the total land area between 2010 and 2023. The number of threatened wild plant and animal species has also surged, from 60 types in 2010 to 369 in 2022. Organic carbon in soils has declined from 33 thousand tons in 2010 to 28.5 thousand tons in 2022, highlighting the deterioration of land quality and biodiversity.
Challenges Several obstacles hinder progress in achieving this goal. Climate change has intensified extreme weather events, including heat waves, heavy rainfall, and prolonged dry periods, while droughts have become more frequent and severe. Inefficient management of natural resources, limited public awareness of ecosystem preservation, and insufficient funding further constrain conservation and restoration efforts.
Progress/

Solution

 Syria has committed to international agreements on biodiversity and desertification, including the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1995 and the Convention to Combat Desertification in 1994. National strategies and programmes have been developed, such as the National Biodiversity Protection Plan 2001–2010 and the National Drought Management Strategy 2020. International assistance has supported these initiatives, with aid reaching 55,000 US dollars during 2020–2023 after a pause between 2013 and 2019. These measures aim to protect biodiversity, promote sustainable land management, and restore degraded areas.
Unsolved Challenges Achieving SDG 15 remains difficult due to the interplay of climate change, financial and technical limitations, and the scale of land degradation. Updated national strategies, improved land management practices, and stronger regional and global cooperation are required. Empowering local communities and enhancing awareness are essential for the long-term protection of biodiversity and sustainable land use.

 

Peace & Justice
Score:1
Justification Violence and crime in Syria have fluctuated significantly over the past decade. The number of murder victims rose from 213 in 2010 to 3096 in 2013 before declining to 432 in 2023. Cases of physical violence increased from 164 in 2010 to 518 in 2013, later falling to 157 in 2023. Sexual assaults of minors rose from 16 in 2010 to 59 in 2015, then declined to 19 in 2023. Human trafficking cases also grew, reaching 451 in 2021. These trends illustrate the challenges of maintaining public safety and enforcing the rule of law during and after conflict.
Challenges Progress remains hindered by widespread terrorism, foreign military occupation, and control of border areas by illegal groups. The presence of foreign forces and allied militias in parts of northern and eastern Syria undermines national authority and obstructs law enforcement. Unilateral coercive measures and political interference have limited access to resources and international support, creating additional obstacles to ensuring public safety, combating crime, and restoring governance across the country.
Progress/

Solution

 The Syrian government has undertaken significant institutional reforms to strengthen transparency, integrity, and accountability. Strategies include the national anti-corruption strategy, auditing committees, and capacity building for executive staff through training and specialisation programmes. Legislation controlling fraud, illicit enrichment, and misuse of official positions has been approved, alongside citizen engagement mechanisms. At the international level, Syria has sought cooperation in combatting violations of humanitarian and human rights law and in addressing financial support for terrorism.
Unsolved Challenges Achieving this goal fully requires halting terrorist financing and operations, ending the Israeli occupation of the Golan, restoring state authority over all Syrian territory, and ensuring voluntary, safe, and dignified return of displaced persons. Strengthening international cooperation to combat trafficking and other crimes is essential. Continued reforms, enforcement of anti-corruption measures, and rebuilding public trust remain critical to establishing long-term stability and sustainable governance.

 

Partnerships
Score:1
Justification Syria’s total government revenues from local output have declined significantly due to the war, falling from 22 % in 2010 to 10 % in 2013. Revenue gradually recovered to 13.5 % in 2022. Tax revenues dropped from 10 % of GDP in 2010 to below 4% in 2015, later improving to 7.4% in 2022. Budget funding from actual revenues fell from 91% in 2010 to 35% in 2013, recovering to 50% in 2019 before declining again to 42% in 2022. Foreign investment also dropped from 10 % of local budget in 2010 to below 2 % during the war years.
Challenges Syria’s development is severely constrained by unilateral coercive measures, restrictions on foreign finance, trade barriers, and theft of natural resources. Weak fiscal stability and slow structural transformation of the economy limit the ability to fund and implement sustainable development projects. Limited foreign investment and technology transfer further restrict economic recovery and capacity building.
Progress/

Solution

 Despite these challenges, total financial transfers increased tenfold during the war, reaching approximately 22% of GDP in 2022. Internet subscriptions grew rapidly, from around 70,000 in 2010 to more than 1.8 million ADSL subscribers in 2023. Macroeconomic monitoring has been strengthened through dashboards covering key economic indicators, supporting interpretation of trends and progress in sustainable development goals.
Unsolved Challenges Full achievement of SDG 17 requires immediate lifting of coercive measures, strengthened global partnerships, and enhanced access to international trade. Financial and tax reforms are needed to ensure efficient local resource mobilisation. Encouraging foreign investment, boosting private sector participation, and developing statistical and planning capacities are essential for sustainable growth. Without these measures, attaining the 2030 targets remains highly challenging.

 

SDGs World Progress: Severely Off-Track
  • SDG2
  • SDG3
  • SDG4
  • SDG5
  • SDG6
  • SDG7
  • SDG9
  • SDG10
  • SDG11
  • SDG12
  • SDG13
  • SDG14
  • SDG15
  • SDG16
  • SDG17
SDGs World Progress: No Progress
  • SDG1
  • SDG8
Country Challenges
  1. Conflict and Security Instability: Prolonged armed conflict since 2011 has caused widespread destruction, displacement of millions, and disruption of governance and public services. Security risks continue to hamper access to essential services and limit national recovery.
  2. Economic Collapse and Limited Growth: GDP growth has been highly unstable, with per capita output falling sharply during the war. Unemployment remains high at 23.6% in 2023, and foreign investment is minimal, constraining economic recovery and decent work opportunities.
  3. Poverty and Food Insecurity: Extreme poverty rose from 8.5% in 2010 to 58% in 2022, while households lacking nutritional security remained around 47% in 2023. Declining public spending and damaged agricultural capacity exacerbate vulnerability.
  4. Health and Education System Weaknesses: Health facilities and schools suffered severe damage, with fluctuating maternal and child health outcomes and reduced enrolment rates in education. Limited resources, staff shortages, and displacement continue to impede recovery.
  5. Gender Inequality: Women remain underrepresented in political, economic, and administrative roles despite improvements in education and workforce participation. Deep-rooted social norms, limited decision-making access, and gender-based violence persist.
  6. Infrastructure and Basic Services Damage: Water, sanitation, energy, and transport infrastructure have been severely damaged. Access to clean water, electricity, and public transport remains inconsistent, while rehabilitation is slowed by limited funding and technical capacity.
  7. Environmental Degradation: Land degradation, biodiversity loss, declining soil quality, and marine ecosystem pressures threaten sustainability. Climate change, droughts, and inadequate environmental management exacerbate these challenges.
  8. Weak Governance and Institutional Capacity: Terrorism, foreign occupation, and control of areas by non-state actors undermine governance. Anti-corruption reforms and institutional rebuilding are ongoing but limited by restricted resources and political constraints.
  9. Limited Financial Resources and Global Partnerships: Government revenues fell from 22% in 2010 to 10% in 2013, recovering partially to 13.5% in 2022. Coercive measures, trade barriers, and restricted foreign investment limit funding for SDG implementation and sustainable development projects.
  10. Data and Monitoring Constraints: Weak statistical systems and limited monitoring capacity impede evidence-based policymaking. Accurate tracking of progress across SDGs is hindered by fragmented data and conflict-related disruptions.
Country Lessons Learned
  1. Conflict severely undermines development: Prolonged conflict led to the extreme poverty rate rising from 8.5 % in 2010 to 58 % in 2022 and caused major declines in economic growth and public services. Countries facing instability should prioritise peacebuilding and conflict prevention to protect development gains.
  2. Social protection mitigates vulnerability: Despite challenges, social security coverage increased from 1.95 million in 2010 to over two million in 2022, and pensions rose from 543,000 to 874,000 in 2023. Expanding social support systems can shield vulnerable populations during crises.
  3. Food security requires resilient agriculture: The proportion of households facing food insecurity reached 56 % in 2020 and remained high at 47 % in 2023. Protecting agricultural productivity and preserving genetic resources, as Syria did with plant resources rising from 5,427 in 2015 to 9,191 in 2022, is critical for national nutrition and resilience.
  4. Health infrastructure is vital: Maternal mortality fluctuated, reaching 60.4 per 100,000 live births in 2023, and infant mortality remained high. Countries must invest in robust health systems, protect medical personnel, and ensure continuous access to essential services during crises.
  5. Education continuity is key: Net enrolment fell to 67 % in 2023 after pre conflict highs, while illiteracy among females declined from 22.6 % in 2010 to 8.6 % in 2023. Innovative interventions such as self-learning, remedial courses, and prefabricated classrooms can maintain learning during disruption.
  6. Gender equality needs sustained commitment: Female labour participation rose from 12.9 % in 2010 to 27.8 % in 2023, yet representation in leadership remains low. Legal reforms, awareness campaigns, and targeted employment initiatives are necessary to ensure lasting gender equality.
  7. Infrastructure and energy require protection and diversification: Electricity supply dropped from 99 % in 2010 to 32 % in 2023, while renewable energy generation increased from 0.28 watts per capita in 2015 to 8.94 watts per capita in 2022. Countries should diversify energy sources and protect critical infrastructure from shocks.
  8. Economic resilience depends on structural reforms: Syria’s GDP growth fluctuated dramatically, with per capita growth collapsing to -28.1 % in 2013. Structural economic transformation, support for small enterprises, and reliable access to finance are essential for sustainable growth during crises.
  9. Environmental and climate action must continue in crises: Despite war, Syria preserved biodiversity and developed climate strategies. Degraded land rose from 12 % in 2015 to 23.8 % in 2019, illustrating the importance of continuous environmental planning and international cooperation even in emergencies.
  10. International partnerships are crucial: Financial transfers increased tenfold to 22 % of GDP in 2022, and internet subscribers grew from 70,000 in 2010 to 1.8 million in 2023. Countries should leverage global support, technology transfer, and trade partnerships to sustain development under adverse conditions.
Country Contribution
  1. Social security registrations increased from 1.95 million in 2010 to over 2 million in 2022.
  2. Beneficiaries of social insurance and pension services grew from 543,000 in 2010 to 874,000 in 2023.
  3. National Social Aid Fund coverage rose from 6% in 2010 to 11% in 2022.
  4. Beneficiaries of cerebral palsy care increased from 25,829 in 2013 to approximately 32,000 in 2023.
  5. Number of homes for the elderly expanded from 12 in 2010 to 20 in 2023.
  6. Underweight rate among children under five remained stable at 2.2% between 2015 and 2023.
  7. Cereals production per workday rose by 3.16% and dry legumes by 7.27% between 2010 and 2020.
  8. Plant genetic resources in medium-term storage increased from 5,427 in 2015 to 9,191 in 2022.
  9. Births attended by trained personnel rose from 81% in 2015 to 99.1% in 2023.
  10. Child immunisation coverage reached 74% in 2023.
  11. Population covered by basic health services achieved 100%, with modern family planning use at 48.6% in 2023.
  12. Early childhood education enrolment increased from 5.2% in 2013–2019 to 10.3% in 2023.
  13. Male illiteracy declined from 8.6% in 2010 to 3.29% in 2021; female illiteracy fell from 22.6% in 2010 to 8.6% in 2023.
  14. Added 447 prefabricated classrooms and expanded double-shift schools by 2023.
  15. Female labour force participation rose from 12.9% in 2010 to 27.8% in 2023.
  16. Women’s representation in political parties increased from 15% in 2010 to 30% in 2023.
  17. Approval of 49 International Labour Organization agreements, including 11 on gender equality.
  18. Urban safe sewage treatment improved to 41.8% in 2023.
  19. Renewable energy shares in total final consumption increased from 2.6% in 2019 to 4.3% in 2021.
  20. Renewable generation capacity rose from 0.28 W per capita in 2015 to 8.94 W per capita in 2022.
  21. Slight improvement in industrial labour to 0.13% in 2021.
  22. Mobile phone network coverage increased from 78% in 2015 to 97.5% in 2022.
  23. Solid waste landfills increased to 11 in 2023, with sorting and composting infrastructure operational.
  24. Sanitary landfills improved from 27% in 2016 to 31% in 2022.
  25. Fish stocks recovered to 10,414 tons in 2022 from 4,561 tons in 2019.
  26. International agreements on marine protection increased from six in 2010 to eight in 2019.
  27. Biodiversity aid reached USD 55,000 during 2020–2023.
  28. Murder cases decreased to 432 in 2023 from 3,096 in 2013; sexual assaults of minors declined to 19 in 2023 from 59 in 2015.
  29. Financial transfers increased tenfold, reaching approximately 22% of GDP in 2022.
  30. Internet subscriptions rose from 70,000 in 2010 to over 1.8 million ADSL subscribers in 2023.

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