Overview

Tunisia’s second Voluntary National Review (VNR), submitted to the High-Level Political Forum in New York in 2021, highlights the country’s resilience and commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) despite political fragmentation and the COVID-19 crisis. Since the 2011 revolution, Tunisia has strengthened its democratic system through the 2014 Constitution, creating inclusive legal and institutional frameworks and advanced multi-stakeholder mechanisms for SDG implementation involving the state, private sector, and civil society. The country is a regional leader in human rights and gender equality legislation. However, economic growth has been constrained by multiple shocks, including the 2008 financial crisis, the 2011 revolution, and the pandemic, which caused an 8.8% GDP decline in 2020, alongside persistent challenges in investment, employment, and reducing external deficits.

Recommendations

Strengthen Institutional Capacity: Invest in building efficient, transparent institutions to improve policy implementation, governance, and coordination across sectors. Strong institutions ensure sustainable progress and effective use of resources.
Enhance Data Collection and Monitoring: Develop robust systems for timely and accurate data to track SDG progress. Reliable data supports evidence-based decision-making and helps identify priority areas for intervention.
Promote Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships: Encourage collaboration between government, private sector, civil society, and international partners. Inclusive partnerships leverage expertise, resources, and innovation for sustainable development.
Diversify Economic Growth Strategies: Focus on diversifying the economy, including technological modernisation and support for SMEs. This reduces vulnerability to shocks and creates employment opportunities.
Strengthen Social Protection Systems: Expand programmes targeting poverty, health, and education to protect vulnerable populations. Resilient social protection systems mitigate inequality and support inclusive growth.
Invest in Environmental Sustainability: Implement strategies to combat climate change, desertification, and pollution. Protecting natural resources ensures long-term ecological and economic resilience.
Enhance Civic Engagement and Participation: Involve citizens, including youth and marginalised groups, in decision-making. Participation increases accountability, transparency, and public trust in governance.
Focus on Digital Transformation: Adopt digital tools for governance, education, and service delivery. Digitalisation improves efficiency, accessibility, and transparency in public and private sectors.

Conclusion

Tunisia's 2021 VNR provides a critical self-assessment of a nation striving to balance democratic consolidation with sustainable development. The report highlights significant legal and institutional achievements, positioning Tunisia as a regional leader in human rights and gender equality. Its inclusive approach, which engages civil society and youth, offers a model for other countries. The VNR also candidly identifies persistent challenges, including structural inequalities, a fragmented political system, and data gaps, underscoring the need to translate progressive policies into tangible results for all citizens, especially the most vulnerable. Moving forward, the reform of the national statistical system and the implementation of the new National Health Policy will be vital tests of the country’s resolve. By leveraging its strong civil society, capacity for international engagement, and advancing sectors such as governance, urban development, environmental management, and digital transformation, Tunisia has the potential to achieve its domestic SDG targets and provide a model of resilient and inclusive governance in the twenty-first century.

SDGs Progress Tracker

Voluntary National Reports

Country Focal Point

Mr Belgacem Ayed
Head of the General Committee on Sectorial and Regional Development
Ministry of Economy, Finance and Investment Support
Mr Mohamed Maher Meddeb
Cousellor of Foreign Affairs
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Migration and Tunisians Abroad.
Mrs Nesrine Elmansouri
Secretary of Forgein Affairs
Permanent Mission of Tunisia to the United Nations (Alternate Focal Point at the Permanent Mission)
Mr Amin Ben Khaled
Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Permanent Mission of Tunisia to the United Nations (Main Focal Point at the Permanent Mission)

Location

Ministry of Economy, Finance and Investment Support, Tunisia

Get Directions

Region

No Poverty

Score 2
Justification	Tunisia’s commitment to SDG 1 is grounded in its broader democratic, social, and institutional transformation following the 2011 revolution. The 2014 Constitution established a strong legal basis for inclusion, human rights, and social protection, while national mechanisms for SDG implementation have brought together state institutions, the private sector, and civil society to support poverty reduction efforts. Tunisia’s long-term focus on strengthening governance, participatory decision-making, and international cooperation demonstrated through its multi-stakeholder VNR process led by over 100 participants and its successful sponsorship of UN Security Council Resolution 2532 (2020), further reinforces the justification for prioritising SDG 1. The adoption of the “Amen social” programme in 2019 reflects an institutional shift towards targeted poverty alleviation as part of the country’s broader social development agenda.
Challenges	Tunisia’s progress on SDG 1 faces major setbacks due to successive shocks, including the 2008 financial crisis, the 2011 revolution, and the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused an 8.8% GDP decline in 2020. Unemployment rose from 14.9% in 2019 to 17.4% in 2020, with over 725,100 unemployed individuals, particularly affecting women whose university graduate unemployment rate reached 40.7%. Foreign direct investment fell by 29% in 2020 compared to 2019, while regional inequalities and high annual school dropout rates (102,000 students) continue to undermine social mobility. The pandemic heavily strained the health system and exposed gaps in social protection, with nearly 58% of households headed by workers in the hotel sector falling below the poverty line. Slow decentralisation and political fragmentation since the 2019 elections have further hindered policy implementation and institutional responsiveness, limiting the country’s ability to respond effectively to rising poverty.
Progress/ Solution	Tunisia achieved notable progress in reducing poverty over the last decade, with the national poverty rate declining from 25.4% in 2010 to 15.2% in 2015. The “Amen social” programme, enacted in 2019, strengthened the targeting and delivery of social assistance, while significant advances in health, such as high vaccination coverage and the eradication of polio and tetanus, contributed to better human development outcomes. The new National Health Policy (PNS), validated in 2021, outlines a clear pathway towards universal health coverage by 2030, supporting the resilience of vulnerable groups. Tunisia’s inequality reduction efforts are reflected in its global ranking of 48th on the ERI, while reforms such as Law No. 2018-20 supporting startups and national strategies for renewable energy and digital transformation “Tunisie Digitale 2025”, aim to create jobs, modernise the economy, and reinforce the foundations for long-term poverty reduction.
Unsolved Challenges	· Critical challenges remain in addressing extreme poverty, particularly as the COVID-19 pandemic threatens to reverse a decade of progress. The lack of updated poverty data—most recent form 2015, significantly restricts evidence-based policymaking and the monitoring of SDG 1. The economic downturn has contributed to a rapid rise in poverty, with estimates suggesting that extreme poverty has increased from 1% before the outbreak to around 40% of the population. Structural economic vulnerabilities including low investment, limited job creation, and dependence on external financial support, continue to impede sustainable poverty reduction. Environmental pressures, recurring droughts, and inadequate waste and hazardous material management further strain the livelihoods of vulnerable populations. Persistent regional disparities, slow institutional reform, and heavy reliance on international partners leave Tunisia without a fully resilient socio-economic framework capable of sustaining long-term poverty reduction under SDG 1.

Zero Hunger

Score :3
Justification	Tunisia’s commitment to SDG 2 is grounded in the strong legal and institutional foundations established after the 2011 revolution, with the 2014 Constitution explicitly guaranteeing the right to sufficient food. The country’s democratic transition and inclusive governance structures, supported by multi-stakeholder mechanisms involving government, civil society, and the private sector, reinforce the national focus on food security and sustainable agriculture. The VNR process itself, led by over 100 stakeholders, demonstrates Tunisia’s participatory approach and its recognition that food security is linked to human rights, social inclusion, and economic stability. As climate shocks, economic vulnerabilities, and demographic pressures continue to threaten long-term food availability, the justification for prioritising SDG 2 remains strong within Tunisia’s broader development and constitutional framework.
Challenges	The country’s economic environment remains fragile due to recurrent shocks the 2008 financial crisis, the 2011 revolution, and the COVID-19 pandemic which led to an 8.8% contraction in GDP in 2020 and a sharp rise in unemployment from 14.9% in 2019 to 17.4% in 2020. These economic pressures reduce household purchasing power and heighten food insecurity, particularly among vulnerable groups. Climate shocks, recurring droughts, and extreme weather events such as floods directly affect agricultural productivity, while environmental degradation intensifies resource scarcity. Weak policy enforcement, slow decentralisation, and financial constraints further limit the implementation of sustainable agriculture and food security strategies. Declines in foreign direct investment down by 29% in 2020—also restrict investment in modernising agricultural systems.
Progress/ Solution	Tunisia has made notable progress toward achieving SDG 2, particularly through agricultural resilience and improved health and nutrition indicators. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the agricultural sector demonstrated stability, ensuring continuity of food supply despite severe economic disruptions. A compensation fund for natural disasters was established to support farmers affected by shocks, strengthening national preparedness. Tunisia has also advanced in nutrition-related health outcomes, achieving six out of twenty-one health-related indicators, while the adoption of a new National Health Policy (PNS) in 2021 supports Vision 2030 targets for universal health coverage, indirectly contributing to improved food security and nutritional equity. Constitutional guarantees, sectoral reforms, and international partnerships provide a foundation for developing more resilient and sustainable food systems.
Unsolved Challenges	Structural vulnerabilities in agriculture, including inefficient resource management, persistent water scarcity, and limited technological modernisation, remain largely unresolved. Climate-related shocks, including recurring droughts and land degradation, threaten long-term productivity and amplify regional inequalities in food access. The waste management crisis triggered by the pandemic—especially the disposal of 5 to 6 million single-use masks daily has increased the risk of environmental contamination, affecting soil and water quality essential for food production. Ongoing economic instability constrains public investment in sustainable agriculture, while political fragmentation since the 2019 elections hampers coherent policy implementation. As a result, Tunisia continues to struggle with integrating climate adaptation, agricultural resilience, and food security into a fully coordinated national strategy capable of delivering SDG 2 by 2030.

Good Health

Score: 3
Justification	Tunisia’s commitment to SDG 3 is anchored in the democratic gains since the 2011 revolution and reinforced by the 2014 Constitution, which guarantees the right to health and a healthy environment. The country’s strong legal framework, inclusive institutions, and multi-stakeholder mechanisms ensure that health is prioritised as a fundamental human right. This commitment is further reflected in Tunisia’s proactive engagement in national and international health governance, recognising that resilient health systems are essential for social stability and sustainable development.
Challenges	The COVID-19 pandemic severely strained Tunisia’s health system, causing a dramatic fall in non-COVID care and exposing systemic weaknesses. Economic shocks including an 8.8% GDP decline in 2020, rising unemployment from 14.9% in 2019 to 17.4% in 2020, and a 29% drop in foreign direct investment, reduced fiscal space for health investment. Political fragmentation since the 2019 elections slowed health-sector decision-making, while persistent inequalities, such as high dropout rates (102,000 annually) and a 40.7% unemployment rate among female graduates, continue to affect health outcomes for vulnerable groups.
Progress/ Solution	Tunisia has achieved significant progress in health, demonstrated by high vaccination coverage that led to the eradication of diseases such as polio and tetanus. The country has met six out of twenty-one health-related indicators and validated a new National Health Policy (PNS) in 2021, aligned with Vision 2030 and aimed at achieving universal health coverage. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Tunisia engaged in strategic international cooperation, including the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 2532 (2020), and strengthened domestic responses through improved social protection and targeted health reforms.
Unsolved Challenges	Tunisia still faces major unresolved issues in achieving SDG 3, including limited health-system capacity, insufficient data (with the most recent poverty-related social data from 2015), and inadequate infrastructure for managing hazardous medical waste, particularly after the surge of 5–6 million single-use masks discarded daily during the pandemic. Environmental pressures, recurring droughts, and extreme climate events threaten public health, while dependence on international financial support restricts sustainable long-term planning. These structural vulnerabilities continue to hinder progress toward universal health and resilient health-care delivery.

Quality Education

Score: 2
Justification	Tunisia’s commitment to SDG 4 is rooted in its strong democratic and legal foundations established after the 2011 revolution and reinforced by the 2014 Constitution, which guarantees inclusion and human rights. The country has built robust multi-stakeholder mechanisms that involve the state, civil society, and the private sector, ensuring that education remains central to national development. The participatory approach of the VNR process, including consultations with “child parliamentarians,” further demonstrates Tunisia’s dedication to inclusive decision-making and to ensuring that children’s voices inform the future of education.
Challenges	Tunisia faces persistent educational challenges intensified by external shocks. High dropout rates approximately 102,000 students annually, particularly from poor and low-income families remain a major concern. The COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted schooling, widening learning gaps and reducing access for vulnerable children. Economic constraints, including an 8.8% GDP contraction in 2020 and unemployment rising from 14.9% in 2019 to 17.4% in 2020, have limited funding for schools and hindered improvements in learning infrastructure. Gender disparities also persist, with female university graduates facing a 40.7% unemployment rate, nearly double that of males.
Progress/ Solution	Access to basic education in Tunisia is nearly universal, supported by legal reforms and participatory governance structures. The country has continued investing in social sectors despite economic pressures, and educational inclusion is actively promoted through national strategies and dialogues. Tunisia has also advanced digital transformation policies such as “Tunisie Digitale 2025,” which aim to modernise learning environments and strengthen digital literacy. Broader socioeconomic reforms including Law No. 2018-20 for startups and measures to reduce inequalities create a supportive ecosystem that indirectly strengthens educational outcomes.
Unsolved Challenges	Key unsolved issues include a lack of updated education-related data, limited school resources, and insufficient capacity to ensure learning continuity during crises. Structural economic fragility, reflected in a 29% decline in foreign direct investment in 2020, continues to restrict investment in quality education and digital learning tools. Regional disparities in school access and learning outcomes remain, while slow decentralisation limits local education planning and service delivery. Persistent dropout rates, unequal opportunities for girls and graduates, and inadequate long-term financing mechanisms continue to hinder Tunisia’s full achievement of SDG 4.

Gender Equality

Score: 3
Justification	Tunisia’s strong commitment to SDG 5 is grounded in the democratic gains since the 2011 revolution and the 2014 Constitution, which guarantees inclusion, human rights, and gender equality. The country is recognised as a regional frontrunner in progressive women’s rights legislation within the MENA region. Its sophisticated, multi-stakeholder mechanisms for SDG implementation—engaging government, civil society, and the private sector reinforce a national vision where gender equality is integral to sustainable development.
Challenges	Despite strong legal foundations, gender disparities persist, particularly in labour market outcomes. The unemployment rate for female university graduates stands at 40.7%, nearly double that of their male counterparts, highlighting systemic inequalities. Economic shocks including the 8.8% decline in GDP in 2020 and unemployment rising from 14.9% in 2019 to 17.4% in 2020 have disproportionately affected women and reduced job creation. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified vulnerabilities, including increased domestic violence and limited access to support services. Slow decentralisation and constrained public finances further hinder targeted gender-responsive interventions.
Progress/ Solution	Tunisia has advanced gender equality through strong legal protections, active civil society engagement, and participatory governance. The VNR highlights improvements in combating violence against women, supported by training programmes and standard procedures for victim protection. Broader reforms, including Law No. 2018-20 supporting startups and digital empowerment under “Tunisie Digitale 2025,” create opportunities for women’s economic participation. Tunisia’s commitment to global partnerships, including its leadership in securing UN Security Council Resolution 2532 (2020), further strengthens the enabling environment for women’s rights.
Unsolved Challenges	Key unresolved issues include persistent gender gaps in employment, wage disparities, and unequal access to economic opportunities, especially in rural and low-income regions. Limited fiscal space, reflected in a 29% decline in foreign direct investment in 2020, restricts investment in women-led enterprises and essential protection services. Social norms continue to influence women’s participation in decision-making, while the rise in pandemic-related violence exposed gaps in long-term institutional support.

Water & Sanitation

Score:2
Justification	Tunisia’s commitment to SDG 6 is underpinned by the democratic progress achieved since the 2011 revolution and the 2014 Constitution, which enshrines the right to a healthy environment and sustainable development. The country’s strong institutional framework and multi-stakeholder mechanisms for SDG implementation engaging government, civil society, and the private sector support coordinated action in water governance. As a water-scarce country facing recurring droughts and climate pressures, Tunisia recognises the critical importance of sustainable water management for national resilience and well-being.
Challenges	The COVID-19 pandemic intensified pressures on sanitation systems, with 5–6 million single-use masks discarded daily, overwhelming existing waste-handling capacity and increasing risks of water contamination. Tunisia’s economic fragility, including an 8.8% contraction in GDP in 2020, rising unemployment from 14.9% in 2019 to 17.4% in 2020, and a 29% fall in foreign direct investment, has constrained investment in water infrastructure. Limited natural water resources, recurring droughts, and extreme climate events especially floods continue to disrupt water security and service delivery.
Progress/ Solution	Tunisia has taken steps to strengthen water and sanitation systems through national strategies and institutional reforms. The VNR highlights progress in environmental protection, including the adoption of circular-economy approaches in waste management aimed at reducing household waste by 10% and increasing recycling by 20% by 2030. Efforts by ONAS have been acknowledged internationally, with a national sanitation programme receiving an award. Broader environmental measures such as the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (2021–2030) and reforms in land and marine resource management support safer water systems and reduced contamination risks.
Unsolved Challenges	Persistent gaps remain in water availability, wastewater treatment capacity, and hazardous-waste management, particularly in hospitals. Slow decentralisation limits local authorities’ ability to address water and sanitation needs, while financial constraints restrict upgrades to ageing infrastructure. The pandemic highlighted systemic weaknesses, especially the lack of capacity to safely manage medical waste and prevent pollution. As Tunisia is classified as a water-scarce country, long-term sustainability depends on strengthened governance, improved investment flows, and enhanced resilience to climate-related shocks.

Clean Energy

Score: 3
Justification	Tunisia’s commitment to SDG 7 is grounded in the democratic reforms achieved since the 2011 revolution and the 2014 Constitution, which provide a strong institutional foundation for sustainable development and environmental rights. The country’s participatory SDG governance mechanisms engaging ministries, civil society, and the private sector support coordinated energy planning. As a nation with limited domestic energy resources and growing demand, expanding clean, affordable, and reliable energy is essential for economic resilience, social stability, and long-term sustainability.
Challenges	The COVID-19 pandemic caused an 8.8% contraction in GDP in 2020, while unemployment rose from 14.9% in 2019 to 17.4% in 2020, limiting public and private investment in energy infrastructure. Foreign direct investment dropped by 29% in 2020, weakening the financial capacity needed for large-scale renewable projects. Political fragmentation since the 2019 elections has further slowed policy implementation, delaying reforms required to improve energy governance, grid reliability, and regulatory clarity.
Progress/ Solution	Tunisia has set ambitious national targets to increase the share of renewable energy in electricity production to 30% by 2030 and to reduce primary energy demand by 30% by 2030. The country is working to modernise its energy sector through legislative reforms, including support for startups under Law No. 2018-20, digital transformation initiatives under Tunisie Digitale 2025, and the adoption of cleaner technologies. Tunisia is also taking steps to reduce emissions from the energy sector by promoting renewable sources and improving energy efficiency. These forward-looking measures signal a strategic shift towards a more sustainable and diversified energy mix.
Unsolved Challenges	The country remains heavily reliant on imported fossil fuels, which affects energy security and exposes the economy to global price volatility. Implementation gaps persist in meeting the 2030 renewable-energy and efficiency targets due to limited fiscal space, slow project execution, and the need for greater technological modernisation. Decentralisation challenges and dependence on international partners for technical and financial assistance also hinder long-term sustainability. Without accelerated reforms and investment, Tunisia risks falling short of its clean-energy ambitions.

Decent Work

Score: 2
Justification	Tunisia’s pursuit of SDG 8 is supported by the democratic progress achieved since the 2011 revolution and the 2014 Constitution, which established a legal and institutional foundation for inclusion, rights, and accountable governance. The country’s multi-stakeholder mechanisms including participation from government, civil society, and the private sector enable a collaborative approach to employment and economic reforms. Strengthening decent work and economic growth remains essential as Tunisia seeks to build resilience, expand opportunities, and enhance social and economic stability.
Challenges	Despite these efforts, Tunisia’s economic growth has been repeatedly undermined by external shocks. The 2008 financial crisis, the 2011 revolution, and especially the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused an 8.8% contraction in GDP in 2020, have weakened economic resilience. Unemployment rose from 14.9% in 2019 to 17.4% in 2020, with more than 725,100 unemployed individuals, while youth unemployment reached 35.7% and graduate unemployment 30.1%. Female graduates faced even higher unemployment at 40.7%. Foreign direct investment decreased by 29% in 2020, limiting the country’s ability to scale productive sectors and create new job opportunities.
Progress/ Solution	Tunisia has taken steps to stimulate economic modernisation and job creation through targeted reforms. Legislative advances such as Law No. 2018-20 support startups, while the national digital strategy “Tunisie Digitale 2025” aims to expand technological innovation and generate employment. The country also ranks 48th on the Inequality Reduction Index (ERI), reflecting efforts to reduce disparities and support vulnerable groups. Tunisia’s forward-looking policies—such as strengthening MSMEs, advancing digital transformation, and promoting sectoral reforms—demonstrate a commitment to enhancing productivity and expanding decent work opportunities.
Unsolved Challenges	Tunisia struggles to stimulate investment, reduce external deficits, and generate sustainable employment, particularly for young people and women. Political fragmentation since the 2019 elections has slowed reforms needed to strengthen labour markets and improve economic competitiveness. Many local development initiatives remain dependent on central government resources due to slow decentralisation. High unemployment, limited job creation, and fragile economic resilience indicate that without accelerated reforms, diversification, and stronger institutional coordination, decent work and sustained economic growth will remain difficult to achieve.

Industry & Infrastructure

Score: 2
Justification	Tunisia’s commitment to SDG 9 is grounded in the democratic progress achieved since the 2011 revolution and the 2014 Constitution, which provides a legal and institutional basis for inclusive development and modernisation. The country’s multi-stakeholder SDG mechanisms, involving government, civil society, and the private sector, support coordinated efforts to strengthen industry, innovation, and infrastructure. As a regional leader in progressive legislation, Tunisia recognises that sustainable industrialisation and technological advancement are essential to economic resilience and long-term national competitiveness.
Challenges	The 2008 financial crisis, the 2011 revolution, and especially the COVID-19 pandemic which caused an 8.8% contraction in GDP in 2020, severely weakened investment capacity and industrial output. Unemployment rose from 14.9% in 2019 to 17.4% in 2020, with more than 725,100 unemployed individuals, limiting the labour force available for industrial advancement. Foreign direct investment fell sharply by 29% in 2020, hampering infrastructure expansion and technological upgrading. Slow decentralisation also restricts regional industrial development and limits local innovation potential.
Progress/ Solution	Tunisia has introduced several strategic reforms to advance industrial development and innovation. The national digital strategy “Tunisie Digitale 2025” promotes technological modernisation, digital governance, and innovation-driven growth. Legislative progress, including Law No. 2018-20 supporting startups, strengthens the ecosystem for entrepreneurship and industry. Efforts to rehabilitate informal urban areas and invest in modern infrastructure also reflect the country’s commitment to inclusive, sustainable development. These actions, combined with national objectives for energy efficiency and technological integration, demonstrate Tunisia’s intent to build a more diversified and innovation-oriented economy.
Unsolved Challenges	Investment levels remain too low to support large-scale industrial transformation, and reliance on international technical and financial support exposes the country to external vulnerabilities. Political fragmentation since the 2019 elections has slowed critical reforms needed to enhance competitiveness, expand digital infrastructure, and integrate micro, small, and medium enterprises into the national economy. Persistent economic fragility, limited natural resources, and insufficient technological modernisation indicate that without stronger governance, deeper reforms, and sustained financing, industrialisation and innovation will advance only gradually.

Inequality

Score: 3
Justification	Tunisia’s commitment to reducing inequalities is grounded in the democratic progress achieved since the 2011 revolution, with the 2014 Constitution establishing a strong legal and institutional framework for inclusion, human rights, and equal opportunity. The country has built sophisticated, multi-stakeholder mechanisms for SDG implementation involving government, civil society, and the private sector, and it stands as a regional frontrunner in progressive human rights and gender equality legislation. The inclusive approach demonstrated in the VNR process such as engaging over 100 national stakeholders and consulting child parliamentarians further reflects Tunisia’s dedication to participatory governance and tackling inequality.
Challenges	The COVID-19 pandemic caused an 8.8% contraction in GDP in 2020, exacerbating unemployment, which rose from 14.9% in 2019 to 17.4% in 2020, with more than 725,100 people unemployed. Youth unemployment stands critically high at 35.7%, while the unemployment rate for female university graduates is nearly double that of men at 40.7%, underscoring persistent gender and age disparities. Regional inequalities also remain entrenched, and foreign direct investment dropped by 29% in 2020, reducing resources needed to support disadvantaged areas and groups.
Progress/ Solution	Tunisia has made notable efforts to address inequalities through legal, social, and economic reforms. The country ranks 48th globally on the Inequality Reduction Index (ERI), supported by legislation aimed at reducing poverty and social exclusion. Social protection initiatives such as the “Amen social” programme (2019) have strengthened targeted support for vulnerable groups, while progress in health highlighted by high vaccination coverage and a validated National Health Policy (2021) aimed at universal health coverage by 2030 has contributed to more equitable access to essential services. Legislative reforms such as Law No. 2018-20 supporting startups and the national digital strategy Tunisie Digitale 2025 also aim to expand opportunities and reduce socio-economic disparities.
Unsolved Challenges	Tunisia continues to face structural inequalities that slow equitable development. Economic vulnerabilities, political fragmentation since the 2019 elections, and difficulties stimulating investment and reducing external deficits have limited the impact of reforms designed to reduce disparities. Poverty reduction gains remain fragile, especially given the lack of updated poverty data since 2015, and disparities in education persist, with 102,000 students dropping out annually, mostly from low-income families. Gender gaps in employment, regional divides in service access, and the country’s reliance on external financial and technical support highlight the need for deeper structural reforms, stronger governance, and sustained investment to reduce inequalities effectively.

Sustainable Cities

Score:3
Justification	Tunisia’s efforts towards sustainable cities are anchored in its democratic consolidation since 2011, with the 2014 Constitution providing a legal and institutional framework for inclusive urban development and human rights. The country has established multi-stakeholder mechanisms for SDG implementation, involving government, civil society, and the private sector, making it a regional leader in participatory governance and planning. Local consultations, including the engagement of child parliamentarians, demonstrate Tunisia’s commitment to inclusive decision-making and future-oriented urban policies.
Challenges	Despite progress, Tunisia faces substantial obstacles in urban sustainability. The decentralization process remains slow, and local development heavily relies on central government decisions and funding, limiting the autonomy of municipalities. Regional disparities persist, with vulnerable rural populations experiencing higher poverty levels and limited infrastructure. The COVID-19 pandemic further strained resources and highlighted gaps in service provision, particularly for sanitation, housing, and public health infrastructure, affecting the inclusivity and resilience of urban areas.
Progress/ Solution	Tunisia has implemented several initiatives to promote sustainable urban development. The national plan “Tunisie Digitale 2025” and projects to rehabilitate illegal urban quarters aim to modernise infrastructure and improve living conditions. Policies promoting renewable energy, waste management, and circular economy principles target sustainability, with a goal to reduce household waste by 10% and increase recycling by 20% by 2030. The country also maintains strategies for disaster risk reduction (SNRRC 2021–2030) and land management (ACTA) to combat desertification and restore degraded areas, contributing to safer and more resilient urban communities.
Unsolved Challenges	Recurring droughts, floods, and extreme climate events significantly impact urban ecosystems and economic activities. The pandemic created new environmental pressures, with 5–6 million single-use masks discarded daily, overwhelming waste management systems. Municipalities still lack adequate resources and capacity to implement sustainable urban policies effectively, while regional inequalities, slow decentralization, and limited local governance hinder inclusive and resilient city planning.

Responsible Consumption

Score :3
Justification	Tunisia has prioritised sustainable consumption and production as part of its democratic consolidation since 2011. The 2014 Constitution provides a legal framework for environmental protection and sustainable development, and multi-stakeholder mechanisms involve government, civil society, and the private sector. These measures place Tunisia among the regional leaders in promoting inclusive policies for resource efficiency and circular economy practices.
Challenges	Despite these initiatives, Tunisia faces significant challenges in responsible production and consumption. Natural resources are limited, and recurring droughts and floods disrupt sustainable practices. The pandemic generated new environmental pressures, including 5–6 million single-use masks discarded daily, straining existing waste management systems. Industrial and urban growth continue to increase consumption rates, while the enforcement of sustainability policies remains inconsistent.
Progress/ Solution	Tunisia has developed strategies to manage waste and promote sustainability. A national plan aims to reduce household waste by 10% and increase recycling by 20% by 2030, based on circular economy principles. The country also introduced environmental laws to regulate fishing, manage land degradation (ACTA), and address disaster risks (SNRRC 2021–2030), while COVID-19 responses prompted innovative approaches to safe waste handling and sustainable resource use.
Unsolved Challenges	Ongoing issues include insufficient capacity to handle hazardous waste, particularly from hospitals, and limited progress in reducing overall waste production, especially plastics. Recycling infrastructure remains underdeveloped, and resource-efficient practices are not yet widespread. Tunisia’s reliance on international technical and financial support highlights domestic vulnerabilities, while structural reforms are needed to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns are fully implemented by 2030.

Climate Action

Score:3
Justification	Tunisia recognises the urgency of climate action due to recurring droughts, floods, and environmental degradation. Since the 2011 revolution, the 2014 Constitution has enshrined the right to a healthy environment, and multi-stakeholder mechanisms engage government, civil society, and the private sector in implementing climate and disaster risk policies. These measures underpin Tunisia’s commitment to sustainable development and resilience against climate shocks.
Challenges	Despite these initiatives, Tunisia faces significant climate-related challenges. Its limited natural capital and fragile infrastructure exacerbate the impacts of recurring droughts and floods on ecosystems and economic activities. The COVID-19 pandemic added environmental pressures, including 5–6 million single-use masks discarded daily, straining waste management systems, while resources for hazard mitigation remain insufficient.
Progress/ Solution	Tunisia has established frameworks to mitigate climate risks and promote sustainability. The National Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (SNRRC 2021–2030) guides preparedness and response to extreme climate events. Land management policies, such as ACTA, aim to combat desertification and restore degraded land. Circular economy principles in waste management and laws regulating marine and natural resources further reflect the country’s proactive approach to climate action.
Unsolved Challenges	Critical gaps persist in implementing climate strategies effectively. Capacity to manage hazardous and medical waste is limited, and extreme events continue to threaten livelihoods and infrastructure. Reliance on international technical and financial assistance highlights domestic vulnerabilities. Structural and strategic reforms are needed to strengthen resilience, improve resource allocation, and ensure that climate action objectives are fully realised by 2030.

Life Below Water

Score 3
Justification	Tunisia recognises the critical importance of marine ecosystems for biodiversity, fisheries, and economic development. The 2014 Constitution guarantees the right to a healthy environment, providing a legal foundation for marine protection. Multi-stakeholder mechanisms, involving government, civil society, and the private sector, support the implementation of policies to preserve aquatic and marine resources.
Challenges	The country faces considerable challenges in protecting marine life. Overuse of conventional water sources and fossil fuels, coupled with pollution from waste and runoff, threatens aquatic ecosystems. Environmental shocks, including floods and the COVID-19 pandemic, have increased pressures on marine habitats, while limited infrastructure and resources constrain effective monitoring and enforcement.
Progress/ Solution	Tunisia has made progress in marine protection through new legislation regulating fishing and participation in international joint inspections. These measures aim to ensure sustainable use of marine resources and prevent overexploitation. Waste management strategies and circular economy principles indirectly support healthier aquatic environments by reducing pollution from land-based sources.
Unsolved Challenges	Critical gaps remain in optimising resource use and reducing marine pollution. Tunisia’s capacity to manage the full spectrum of environmental threats, including hazardous waste and runoff, is limited. Despite regulatory frameworks and international cooperation, sustainable management of fisheries and marine ecosystems requires stronger enforcement, better infrastructure, and strategic investments to secure long-term ecological and economic benefits.

Life on Land

Score :3
Justification	Tunisia recognises the importance of preserving terrestrial ecosystems for biodiversity, agriculture, and sustainable development. The 2014 Constitution guarantees the right to a healthy environment, providing a legal basis for land and ecosystem protection. Multi-stakeholder mechanisms, including government, civil society, and private sector actors, support the implementation of policies to combat land degradation and promote sustainable land use.
Challenges	The country faces severe land degradation, recurring droughts, and extreme climate events like floods, which significantly impact ecosystems and agricultural productivity. Limited infrastructure and resources, coupled with the economic shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic and past crises, have hindered effective land management and slowed progress on ecosystem restoration.
Progress/ Solution	Tunisia has implemented a national strategy (ACTA) to combat desertification and restore degraded land. The country has also strengthened its legal and organisational frameworks for environmental protection, including initiatives to preserve forests, biodiversity, and soil quality. Such measures aim to enhance sustainable land management and mitigate the impacts of climate change.
Unsolved Challenges	Despite legal and strategic frameworks, challenges remain in the full implementation and enforcement of environmental policies. Land degradation continues at a substantial scale, and Tunisia’s natural capital is highly fragile. Strengthened governance, technical capacity, and financial investment are needed to ensure sustainable land use and to prevent further ecosystem loss.

Peace & Justice

Score:3
Justification	Tunisia has consolidated a democratic system since the 2011 revolution, with the 2014 Constitution providing a solid legal and institutional framework for inclusion, human rights, and governance. Multi-stakeholder mechanisms involving the state, private sector, and civil society support the implementation of SDG 16, reflecting the country’s commitment to peace, justice, and strong institutions.
Challenges	Despite these achievements, Tunisia faces political fragmentation, with a parliament “without a clear majority” since the 2019 elections, slowing policy formulation and institutional responsiveness. Economic shocks, including the 2020 COVID-19 contraction of 8.8% GDP and rising unemployment, further strain governance and public service delivery.
Progress/ Solution	The country has made significant advances in governance and rule of law, including transparent elections, improved anti-terrorism and financial crime frameworks, and the establishment of the National Mechanism for Orientation (MNO) to protect trafficking victims. Legal reforms and capacity-building initiatives continue, alongside social protection measures, particularly addressing violence against women.
Unsolved Challenges	Although legal frameworks and reforms exist, effective implementation remains inconsistent. Reliance on international technical and financial support highlights domestic capacity gaps. Strengthening institutional efficiency, governance, and coordination is critical to fully realise SDG 16 targets and ensure sustained peace and justice.

Partnerships

Score:3
Justification	Tunisia has actively strengthened global and domestic partnerships to support SDG implementation, building on its democratic consolidation since 2011 and the 2014 Constitution’s legal framework. The country engages state, private sector, and civil society actors, demonstrating strong multi-stakeholder collaboration. Participation in global forums, including UN Security Council Resolution 2532 (2020) on COVID-19, reflects Tunisia’s commitment to international partnership principles.
Challenges	Economic shocks, including the 2020 COVID-19 contraction of 8.8% GDP and rising unemployment from 14.9% in 2019 to 17.4% in 2020, constrain the country’s ability to fully leverage partnerships. Budgetary limitations limit social protection programmes and development projects, reducing the effectiveness of domestic and international collaboration.
Progress/ Solution	The country has mobilised resources through both international and domestic partnerships. The private sector, led by organisations like UTICA and APTBEF, contributed 114.7 million dinars to national COVID-19 response efforts. Tunisia’s active engagement with global institutions, combined with legislative and institutional reforms, strengthens capacity for coordinated implementation of sustainable development initiatives.
Unsolved Challenges	Despite progress, reliance on international technical and financial support underscores gaps in domestic capacity. Fiscal pressures from private sector contributions and rising debt pose risks to sustainable partnerships. Strengthening institutional efficiency, resource mobilisation, and coordination remains essential to ensure long-term, effective collaboration to achieve SDG 17.

SDGs World Progress: Moderately Off-Track

SDG13

SDGs World Progress: Off-Track

SDGs World Progress: Severely Off-Track

Country Challenges

Fragmented Political System: Since the 2019 elections, a lack of a clear parliamentary majority has created political instability. This slows policy formulation, delays legislation, and hinders decisive government action, showing the importance of political cohesion for effective SDG implementation.
High Unemployment Rates: Over 725,100 people were unemployed, with sectors like trade, construction, hospitality, and restaurants most affected. Economic slowdown has limited job creation and productivity, highlighting the need for targeted employment strategies.
Socio-Economic Vulnerabilities Amplified by COVID-19: The pandemic worsened existing economic challenges, causing an 8.8% GDP decline in 2020, unemployment at 17.4%, and national debt at 88% of GDP. Fiscal constraints hinder investment in development and social protection programs.
Social and Regional Inequalities: Significant disparities across regions and vulnerable populations impede equitable development, demonstrating the need for targeted policies to promote inclusion and social cohesion.
Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and Economy: Climate change may reduce the agricultural sector’s contribution to GDP by 5–10% by 2030, with a 30% decline in rain-fed cereal cultivation, threatening food security and rural livelihoods.
Resource Scarcity and Water Stress: Tunisia faces a 28% decline in conventional water resources and a 5% decrease in surface water by 2030. Water scarcity poses a major challenge for sustainable development.
Pervasive Data Gaps: The VNR acknowledges significant gaps in data, including on multidimensional poverty and gender inequality, underlining the need for robust data collection and monitoring systems to guide policy decisions.

Country Lessons Learned

Strategic Legal Reforms Support Innovation and Digitalization: Laws such as the 2018–20 Startup Law and the comprehensive Digital Code create a supportive environment for technological advancement, innovation, and economic growth.
Economic Diversification and Innovation Drive Productivity: Investing in technological modernisation and supporting micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) promotes inclusive growth, job creation, and economic resilience in challenging contexts.
Integrating SDGs into National Planning: Aligning national policies with global sustainable development objectives, as Tunisia does through regular SDG monitoring and reporting, ensures coherence between domestic priorities and international commitments.
Environmental Protection Safeguards Public Health: Measures for pollution control, water quality, and environmental health reduce morbidity and mortality, particularly among children, highlighting the link between sustainability and public well-being.
Plan for Long-Term and Scenario-Based Interventions: Using projections and scenario analysis (e.g., for 2050 and 2100) strengthens risk management and policy planning, as demonstrated by Tunisia’s climate change preparedness strategies.
Cultivate Resilience through Public-Private Partnerships: During COVID-19, organisations like UTICA and APTBEF mobilised resources where the state was constrained, showing the importance of public-private and civil society partnerships in crisis management.
Leverage Strategic Diplomacy for Global Gains: Tunisia’s role in passing UN Security Council Resolution 2532 (2020) demonstrates that strategic international engagement can influence global policy and build solidarity, even amid domestic challenges.

Country Contribution

2008: Despite the financial crisis, Tunisia maintained resilience, with GDP only decreasing to 3.6% (1996–2007 average 5%).
2011: The Tunisian revolution marked the start of democratic transition, laying the foundation for inclusive governance.
2014: Adoption of the Tunisian Constitution provided a strong legal basis for human rights and sustainable development.
2015: National poverty rate recorded at 15.2%, guiding targeted social protection programs.
2019: Legislative elections established a democratic process; over 597 suspicious transaction reports filed, with 170 million dinars frozen, showing active financial oversight.
2020: Tunisia officially exited the GAFI blacklist in June, reflecting progress in combating money laundering and terrorist financing; private sector contributed 114.7 million DT to pandemic response; new health measures implemented amid COVID-19.
2021: Presentation of Tunisia’s second VNR to the High-Level Political Forum; a new National Health Policy validated.
2030: Target year for the SDGs, aiming for universal health coverage under the national health policy.
Climate and Environmental Progress: Early climate projections guide long-term planning, supporting adaptation and resilience.

Tunisia

Overview

SDGs Progress Tracker

Voluntary National Reports

Country Focal Point

Location

Region

No Poverty

Zero Hunger

Good Health

Quality Education

Gender Equality

Water & Sanitation

Clean Energy

Decent Work

Industry & Infrastructure

Inequality

Sustainable Cities

Responsible Consumption

Climate Action

Life Below Water

Life on Land

Peace & Justice

Partnerships

SDGs World Progress: Moderately Off-Track

SDGs World Progress: Off-Track

SDGs World Progress: Severely Off-Track

Country Challenges

Country Lessons Learned

Country Contribution

You May Also Be Interested In

European Union

The European Union’s (EU) 2023 Voluntary National Review (VNR) marks a historic milestone as the first…

Brazil

In the VNR report, Brazilians' commitment to the principle of "leaving no one behind" guides decisions and…

Tunisia

Overview

SDGs Progress Tracker

Voluntary National Reports

Country Focal Point

Location

Region

No Poverty

Zero Hunger

Good Health

Quality Education

Gender Equality

Water & Sanitation

Clean Energy

Decent Work

Industry & Infrastructure

Inequality

Sustainable Cities

Responsible Consumption

Climate Action

Life Below Water

Life on Land

Peace & Justice

Partnerships

SDGs World Progress: Moderately Off-Track

SDGs World Progress: Off-Track

SDGs World Progress: Severely Off-Track

Country Challenges

Country Lessons Learned

Country Contribution

You May Also Be Interested In

European Union

The European Union’s (EU) 2023 Voluntary National Review (VNR) marks a historic milestone as the first…

Brazil

In the VNR report, Brazilians' commitment to the principle of "leaving no one behind" guides decisions and…

South Africa

South Africa's 2024 Voluntary National Review (VNR) reaffirms its commitment to the 2030 Agenda for…